tense

时间:2024-03-15 01:24:19编辑:优化君

英语的各种时态得用法

各种时态的用法
Forms of the Tenses

定义
动词以一定的词形变化形式来表达事物之动作或状态的时间性者称为时态(Tense)。

词形变化的形式共有如下四种:

1.一般式(Simple Form)

2.进行式(Progressive Form)

3.完成式(Perfect Form)

4.完成进行式(Perfect Progressive Form)

动作或状态的时间性则可分为如下三个时段:

1.现在(Present)

2.过去(Past)

3.将来(Future)

这四种词形形式和三个时段可以配合成如下的十二种动词的时态。



这十二种时态可以列表如下:



现以“I”为主语,“do”为动词,把这十二种时态以实例表达如下:(例序即为时态的次序)

1.I do it every day.

(我每天做这样的事。)

2.I did it yesterday.

(昨天我做了这件事。)

3.I shall/will do it tomorrow.

(明天我要做这件事。)

4.I am doing it now.

(现在我正在做这件事。)

5.I was doing it at that time.

(当时我正在做这件事。)

6.I shall/will be doing it at 9:00 tomorrow morning.

(明天早晨九时我会正在做这件事。)

7.I have done it already.

(我已把这件事做好了。)

8.I have done it before I went home yesterday.

(昨天我在回家之前就把那件工作做完了。)

9.I shall/will have done it before you come back
tomorrow.

(明天在我回来之前我会把这件工作做好。)

10.I have been doing it for two days.

(这件工作我已做了两天了。──说话时工作尚未做完,所以还得继续做。)

11.I had been doing the work for two hours when the
teacher came.

(老师来时那件工作我已做了两小时了。──当时工作尚未完成,所以老师来了我还继续在做。)

12.I shall/will have been doing it for an hour when
you come to see me at 9:00 tomorrow morning.

(明天早上九时你来看我时,我会在做那件工作做了一小时。──当然尚未能做完,还得继续做下去。)




16种英语时态总结归纳

时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。
  英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。


  1. 一般现在时
  用法:
  A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
  B) 习惯用语。
  C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
  例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)
  D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
  E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
  例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
  (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)
  How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)
  F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。
  例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)


  2. 现在进行时(be doing)
  用法:现在正在进行的动作。


  3. 现在完成时(have done)
  用法:
  A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
  例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
  A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
  答案是C) haven't sold。
  B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for 加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。
  例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
  A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
  B) may be challenged D) are challenging
  全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。
  C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
  例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。)
  注意事项
  A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。
  例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。)
  He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。)
  B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
  例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续)
  My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)
  C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
  例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)
  D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
  例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。)
  E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。
  例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。)

4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
  用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。
  例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。)
  注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
  例:1997年6月四级第45 题
  It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
  A) had leaked B) is leaking
  C) leaked D) has been leaking
  从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。


  5. 一般过去时
  用法:
  A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
  B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。
  例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)
  He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。)
  C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
  例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?)
  Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?)
  注意事项:
  A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
  B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
  Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。

6. 过去完成时(had done)
  用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
  Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
  A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
  全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。
  注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
  例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)
  分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。


  7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
  用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
  例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)
  注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。


  8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
  用法:
  A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
  例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)
  B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
  例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)
  注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。


  9. 一般将来时
  用法:
  A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
  例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。)
  B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。
  例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)
  C) 表示“打算去……,要……”时,可用be going to do。
  例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)
  D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
  例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)
  E) "be to do"的5种用法:
  a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
  例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)
  b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
  例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)
  c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may)
  例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)
  d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。
  例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
  A. will be attended B. will be attended to
  C. is attended D. is attended to
  will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
  e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should)
  例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
  A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
  答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
  F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
  例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。)
  例:1999年6月四级第65题
  I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
  A) in B) to C) at D) on
  答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
  注意事项:
  在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。
  例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。)

10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
  用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
  例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。)
  注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。


  11. 将来完成时(will have done)
  用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
  例:1997年1月四级第22题
  The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
  A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
  C) would last D) has lasted
  本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。
  注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。


  12)将来完成进行时:shall have been doing ,will have been doing
  例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态)


  13)过去完成进行时:had been doing
  例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态)

14) 过去将来进行时:should be doing , would be doing
  例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态)


  15) 过去将来完成时:should have done , would have done
  例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态)


  16) 过去将来完成进行时:should have been doing , would have been doing
  例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)

【相当完整了,希望能帮助你~~~
——逆夏000】


tenses 用法和关键字

1、一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语; 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一:表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。如:
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时;常用的引导词有:
时间:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件:if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三:在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +宾语从句, 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作, 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四:在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动:或表感情色彩,加强语气。与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don\'t wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二: 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去,完成在过去,但强调与现在情况仍有联系,其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语:
考点一:for + 时间段;since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二:常见的不确定的时间状语:lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,
Has it stopped raining yet?
考点三:在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中,谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days;over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四:表示“第几次做某事,”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 +that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4.一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作,或过去习惯性动作,不强调对现在的影响,只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用,如:yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意:考点一:used to + do,表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式,后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to + doing,表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”,句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一:用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意主谓倒装)
考点二:表示“第几次做某事”,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三:动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用,其表现形式多达5种。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一:一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中:
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
(主句用一般将来时,从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)
考点二:某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等,用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三:“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”,这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四:“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”,表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8、将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作,或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。
考点一:常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school


上一篇:饺子的英文

下一篇:第一的英文