用英语介绍日本
用英文介绍日本
Japan is a very beautiful and modern country.
Its image is a small island country with popular natural site such as FUJI mountain and so on, fashionable persons and buildings,advanced science and technology as well as interesting animation and comic. People in japan just work very hard so that they make their country become one of the strongest developed countries which is poor in natural resource.And this spirit is that we need to learn most about this wonderful country .
be subjected to 和 be subject to 用法上有什么区别
be subjected to 和 be subject to的区别是词性不同、释义不同、用法不同。1、词性不同：be subject to 中 subject 为形容词；be subjected to 中 subject 为动词。2、释义不同：be subject to 常常用于指 易受……影响；易患……疾病，受限于……，服从于……，易受；be subjected to 多用于指屈从于……的支配；遭受……（不幸等），接受，经受，遭受使经受,使遭受等。例句：Trains are subject to delay(s) after the heavy snowfalls.一下大雪火车就往往误点。On this test, the cars will be subjected to rough treatment deliberately.在这个试验中，汽车将接受有意的毁坏性测试。3、用法不同：be subject to 通常指的是客观的受制于某种原因，程度不是很严重，表达了一种局限性；be subjected to 常常是指遭受到诸如攻击/羞辱/法律制裁/虐待等较为严重的情节。例句：They know that we mean serious business and will no longer be subjected to their interference. 他们知道我们的意思是关于严肃的事务，并且不再可能变成他们能够干扰的主题了。Employee appointment to the Council will be subject to a term of probation of 6 months.被任命到理事会的员工将有6个月的见习期。参考资料：百度百科-subject
“be subject to”是什么意思？
“be subject to”意思是：受支配; 从属于; 可以…的; 常遭受…。短语用法：be subject to：表示“受…支配;受…影响”。这里to是介词，后接sth或doing。双语例句：Prices may be subject to alteration 价格可能会有所变动。The competitors will be subject to random drug testing. 参赛者将要接受随机药检。This holiday entitlement may be subject to include all statutory public holidays.这个假期的权利可能受到包括所有法定公众假期。Employee appointment to the Council will be subject to a term of probation of 6 months 被任命到理事会的员工将有6个月的见习期。Calculations and data transfers shall be subject to appropriate checks in a systematic manner.应对计算和数据传送进行系统和适当的检查。
猫的英文介绍
猫的英文介绍是：1、英文介绍：Cats, belonging to the cat family, are divided into family cats and wild cats. They are a wide range of pets in families all over the world. The ancestors of domestic cats are presumed to be desert cats in ancient Egypt and Persian cats in Persia. They have been domesticated by humans for 3500 years (but not completely domesticated like dogs).General cat: the head is round, the face is short, the forelimb has five fingers, the hind limb has four toes, the toe end has sharp and curved claws, and the claws can be retracted. Nocturnal.2、中文翻译：猫，属于猫科动物，分家猫、野猫，是全世界家庭中较为广泛的宠物。家猫的祖先据推测是古埃及的沙漠猫，波斯的波斯猫，已经被人类驯化了3500年（但未像狗一样完全地被驯化）。一般的猫：头圆、颜面部短，前肢五指，后肢四趾，趾端具锐利而弯曲的爪，爪能伸缩。夜行性。生活习性：猫能在高墙上若无其事地散步，轻盈跳跃，不禁折服于它的平衡感。这主要得益于猫的出类拔萃的反应神经和平衡感。它只需轻微地改变尾巴的位置和高度就可取得身体的平衡，再利用后脚强健的肌肉和结实的关节就可敏捷地跳跃，即使在高空中落下也可在空中改变身体姿势，轻盈准确地落地。
猫咪的英文介绍
cat
[kAt]
n.
猫
CAT
=Carburetor Air Temperature 汽化器空气温度
cat
[kAt]
n.
猫; 猫科动物(如狮, 虎, 豹等)
脾气不好的女人, 可鄙的女人, 恶妇
九尾鞭
起锚滑车
(=catfish)鲶鱼
(=catboat)有中插板的单桅帆船
一种有六脚的架子(无论如何放置, 均有三只脚着地)
[美俚]娼妓; 流动工人; 爵士乐演奏者[爱好者]
弹射器
无线电遥控靶机
无线电测距系统的偏流台[“猫台”]
履带式拖拉机, 推土机
填塞灰板条缝的草泥浆
硬耐火土
软风, 微风
cat
vt.
(catted; catting)
起锚(把锚吊在锚架上)
用九尾鞭笞打
vi.
[口]呕吐
嫖妓, 宿娼
cat-and-dog
adj.
好争吵的, 不和睦的
投机性的
cat-and-mouse
adj.
折磨的, 虐待的
catbird
[`kAtb\:d]
n.
北美洲猫声鸟; 猫鹊
catcall
[5kAtkC:l]
n.
似猫叫的声音; 剧场里喝倒采的口哨声[嘘声等]
cat
vt.
奚落; 嘲弄
vi.
发嘘声
cateyed
adj.
黑暗中能见物的
catface
[`kAtfeIs]
n.
树或木材上由于火烧等所留下的疤痕
catfall
[`kAtfR:l]
n.
【航海】吊锚索
catfight
[`kAtfaIt]
n.
激烈的争吵
catfoot
n.
圆短如猫的脚
catfooted
adj.
象猫似的(悄悄走路); 偷偷摸摸的
catgut
[5kAt^Qt]
n.
肠线(外科用)
乐器[网球拍]弦, 线
弦乐器
cathead
[5kAthed]
n.
锚架
cathouse
[`kAthaJs]
n.
妓院
catlap
[`kAtlAp]
n.
淡的饮料
catmint [nip]
n.
【植】猫薄荷 cat-o'-nine-tails
n.
九尾鞭
【植】香蒲
catrigged
adj.
装有单帆船式的索具的
cat's-ear
n.
【植】猫耳草
cat's-eye
[`kAtsaI]
n.
猫眼石; (汽车等的)小型反光装置
cat's-foot
[`kAtsfJt]
n.
积雪草
cat-skinner
n.
[美俚]牵引车的司机
cat-sleep
n.
打盹
cat's-paw
n.
被人利用的人
【航海】微风
cat-step
n.
陡坡上建的窄阶
catwalk
[5kAtwC:k]
n.
[美俚]狭窄的人行道或过道; 桥上的人行道
cat('s)whisker
【无】触须; 晶须
A cat has nine lives.
猫有九条命。(英国迷信, 指猫的生命力强)
a cat with nine lives
有九条命的猫; 富有生命力的人
A cat in gloves catches no mice.
[谚]带手套的猫捉不到耗子; 四肢不勤, 一事无成; 怕沾污手指的人做不出什么事。
Muffled cats catch no mice.
[谚]包裹严实的猫捉不到耗子; 四肢不勤, 一事无成。
A cat may look at a king.
[谚]猫也可以看国王(指小人物也应有些权利)
agree like cats and dogs
[口]像猫和狗一样合不来, 完全合不来
At night all cats are grey
[谚]猫在暗中都是灰色; 黑暗中难分丑妍
(as) melancholy as a cat
非常忧郁
(as)sick as a cat
直想呕吐
病得厉害
as weak as a cat (=as weak as water)
身体非常虚弱
barber's cat
瘦弱的人, 面带饥色和病容的人
bear cat
熊猫
[口]大力士, 精力过人的人
bell the cat
不惧危险, 挺身而出
blowing cat
[美俚]爵士乐师
Cheshire cat
咧着嘴傻笑的人
copy cat
盲目的模仿者
dead cat
猛烈的指责或攻击
[美俚](马戏团中)不肯表演的狮子
Dog my cats!
[美俚]见鬼! 他妈的; 我可以赌咒!
enough to make a cat laugh
极其可笑; 让人笑掉大牙
enough to make a horse laugh
极其可笑; 让人笑掉大牙
enough to make a cat speak
[口]令人惊讶; 事情太出奇
fat cat
美国政治运动的出资人, 捐献大宗政治款项的富人; 安于现状的懒汉; 以权谋私的人, 享受特权的人
fight like Kilkenny cats
死拚
flog the cat
[俚]作无益的追悔
grin like a Cheshire cat
咧着嘴傻笑
Has the cat got your tongue?
[口]猫把你的舌头叼去了吗?为什么不吭声?
Holy cats!
[口]哎呀! 好家伙! (表示强烈的惊讶, 愤怒或高兴)
Holy cow!
[口]哎呀! 好家伙! (表示强烈的惊讶, 愤怒或高兴)
It rains cats and dogs.
下倾盆大雨, 大雨滂沱
jerk the cat
[俚](酒醉的人呕吐)
shoot the cat
[俚](酒醉的人呕吐)
whip the cat
[俚](酒醉的人呕吐)
Kilkenny cats
打起架来不顾死活的动物[人]
let the cat out of the bag
说走了嘴, (无意中)泄露秘密
like a cat in a strange garret
[美]胆怯, 极不自然
like a cat on hot bricks
局促不安, 如热锅上的蚂蚁
like a scalded cat
象烫伤的猫到处乱窜; 拚命的逃走
like sth. the cat brought in
[口]象猫叼来的东西似的; 衣衫褴褛(指人的外表); 不修边幅
live like cat and dog
[口]整天吵架
look like the cat after it had eaten the canary
带着洋洋得意的样子
no room to swing a cat
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
not room to swing a cat
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
not room enough to swing a cat
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
no room to swing a cat in
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
not room to swing a cat in
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
not room enough to swing a cat in
极狭窄, 没有转身的地方
old cat
脾气坏的老太婆
put the cat among the canaries
[口]惹出乱子, 引起轩然大波
see how the cat jumps
观望形势然后行动; 看风使舵, 随机应变
watch how the cat jumps
观望形势然后行动; 看风使舵, 随机应变
see which way the cat jumps
观望形势然后行动; 看风使舵, 随机应变
watch which way the cat jumps
观望形势然后行动; 看风使舵, 随机应变
wait for the cat to jump
观望形势然后行动; 看风使舵, 随机应变
singed cat
[美俚]看起来不好, 其实并不坏的人
skin the cat
[美]【体】以两手悬于单杠, 以身体及两脚从两臂间穿过, 向后翻转; [喻]从极窄的洞爬过去
teach the cat the way to the kirn
[苏] 坏习惯易学难改
tear a cat
[废]说大话; 夸夸其谈
tear the cat
[废]说大话; 夸夸其谈
That cat won't jump.
[美 fight][口]这一手行不通。
That's like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl.
引狼入室; 等于把猫放在金鱼缸旁。
the big cats (=the Cats, the great Cats)
狮、虎、豹等
The cat did it.
[口谑]是猫打破的; 不是我搞的。(推托责任的话)
The cat is out of the bag.
[口]秘密泄露; 真相大白。
The cat jumps.
[口]形势清楚了。
The cat shuts its eyes when stealing cream.
[谚]掩耳盗铃; 猫偷吃奶油的时候, 总是闭着眼睛。
The cat would eat fish and would not wet her feet.
猫儿想吃鱼, 又怕湿了脚(想吃鱼又怕腥; 想得到某种东西又怕麻烦或担风险)。
The scalded cat fears cold water.
[谚] 被烫过的猫, 连冷水也怕(一朝被蛇咬, 三年怕井绳)
Watch sb. as a cat watches a mouse.
象猫盯耗子般地盯着某人。
When the cat's away, the mice will play.
[谚]猫儿不在,老鼠成精(大王外出, 小鬼跳粱)。
whip the cat
[方](醉酒后)呕吐
极其吝啬
挨门挨户找活干(指流动短工)
磨洋工, 不爱干活
恶作剧
[澳口]做无益的追悔
You can have no more of a cat but her skin.
[罕]不能有什么别的用途。
cat in the meal
[美、罕]诡秘伎俩, 陷井, 鬼把 戏
cat in the meal-tub
[美、罕]诡秘伎俩, 陷井, 鬼把 戏
cat in the pan
[美俚]变节者; 判徒
cats and dogs
[美俚]价值低的股票, 杂物; 零星东西
猛烈地, 大量地(指大雨)
catted and fished
【航海】吊在锚架上并系在船侧
bear cat
难开采的油井
帆布安全带
eel cat
鳗鲶
jungle cat
【动】丛林猫
native cat
袋鼬, 袋猫
tortoise-shell cat
玳瑁猫
CAT
=Carburetor Air Temperature 汽化器空气温度;
Child's Apperception Test【心理】儿童知觉测验;
Clear Air Turbu-lence【气】晴空大气湍流;
Compressed Air Tunnel 压缩空气风洞;
Computer Aided Technology [Test;Translation;Tree;Typesetting] 计算机辅助技术[试验; 翻译; 树结构; 排版];
Computer Assisted Teleconferencing 计算机辅助远程会议;
Computer Automated Tester 计算机自动测试机;
Computer of Average Transients 平 均瞬变过程计算机
CAT
CAT
AHD:[k²t]
D.J.[k#t]
K.K.[k#t]
abbr.
Clear-air turbulence.
Computerized axial tomography.
cat
cat
AHD:[k²t]
D.J.[k#t]
K.K.[k#t]
n.
A small carnivorous mammal(Felis catus or F. domesticus) domesticated since early times as a catcher of rats and mice and as a pet and existing in several distinctive breeds and varieties.
Any of various other carnivorous mammals of the family Felidae, which includes the lion, tiger, leopard, and lynx.
The fur of a domestic cat.
A woman who is regarded as spiteful.
A cat-o'-nine-tails.
A catfish.
Nautical
A cathead.
A device for raising an anchor to the cathead.
A catboat.
A catamaran.
Slang
A person, especially a man.
A player or devotee of jazz music.
v.
cat.ted,cat.ting,cats
v.tr.Nautical
To hoist an anchor to (the cathead).
v.intr.Slang
To look for sexual partners; have an affair or affairs:
“catting around with every lady in sight”(Gore Vidal)
let the cat out of the bag
To let a secret be known.
Middle English
from Old English catt
from Germanic *kattuz
cat
古英语 cat,与德语 katze,拉丁语 cattus 有亲缘关系
cat
[kAt]
n.
猫
求英语高手帮忙翻译一段话！！
I am ×××× from Class ××，Grade 2. Nowadays I am the president of the Tae Kwon Do Club. I have studied Tae Kwon Do for more than five years, and I have already grown up under the nurture of Tae Kwon Do movement's advocating technology and etiquette, ethics, self-cultivation of the sport. It makes me know that all the things etiquette first, everyone should know how to control self, and never yield to difficulties. Because who knows Tae Kwon Do, who knows that the body is down, but the spirit should never give up. Being one member of the Tae Kwon Do Club, I hope all the members and me can work hard together to create “brilliantachievements” for our Tae Kwon Do Club !
求英语高手帮忙翻译一段话。
The number of devices on the Internet exceeded the number of people on the Internet in 2008, and is estimated to reach 50 billion in 2020. A wide-ranging Internet of Things (IOT) ecosystem is emerging to support the process of connecting real-world objects like buildings, roads, household appliances, and human bodies to the Internet via sensors and microprocessor chips that record and transmit data such as sound waves, temperature, movement, and other variables. The explosion in Internet-connected sensors means that new classes of technical capability and application are being created. More granular 24/7 quantified monitoring is leading to a deeper understanding of the internal and external worlds encountered by humans. New data literacy behaviors such as correlation assessment, anomaly detection, and high-frequency data processing are developing as humans adapt to the different kinds of data flows enabled by the IOT. The IOT ecosystem has four critical functional steps: data creation, information generation, meaning-making, and action-taking. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current and rapidly emerging ecosystem of the Internet of Things (IOT).
译文：
在2018，互联网设备的数量超过了互联网网民的数量， 据预测，到2020年，互联网设备数量将达到500亿。 互联网生态系统开始形成，以支持现实世界的实物，例如建筑、道路、家具、以及通过传感器和微芯片将人体和互联网连，这些传感器和微芯片可以传送和记录声波，温度、和其他变量。 将互联网和实物通过传感器连接的技术的普及，意味着人类技术能力和应用能力的创新。 更多的颗粒状的可以全天候检测的传感设备让人类对可以接触的外部和内容世界有了更深的理解。得益于物联网，随着人类开始适应各种数据流，新的数据素养行为，例如关联性评估、异常检测、高频数据处理，也开始发展起来。 IOT物联网生态系统有四个重要的功能因素： 数据产生，信息产生，意义创造，行为产生。 本文综合介绍了目前快速发展的物联网生态系统。
怎么用英语介绍重庆
帮您找了一篇有关重庆的英文介绍，单词难度适中，希望对您有所帮助...
Widely acknowledged as the largest industrial and economic center in southwestern China, Chongqing City is a popular destination for travelers with its hilly slopes, rivers, night views and spicy food.
Meaning "double celebrations" in Chinese, the city was built in the 11th century BC during the Zhou Dynasty. The city was founded in 1997. Prior to then, it was a city in Sichuan Province. Now Chongqing is the biggest city in China in terms of area and population.
Known as one of China‘s "Three Furnaces" (along with Wuhan and Nanjing), Chongqing is unbearably hot during the summer. The surrounding mountains seem to trap the heat. It is pleasant to visit the city in other seasons.
Also known as "Fog City" in addition to "the Furnace," Chongqing is covered with a thick layer of fog for an average of 68 days a year, usually in spring or autumn. The fog gives the place an air of mystery.
Spread across a number of low hills (average elevation of 400 meters), surrounded by mountains, and straddling the Yangtze River, Chongqing is a natural wonder.
The main features of the downtown area are the hilly slopes. Travelers soon learn to get used to the feeling of going up and down, up and down. Locals compare the terrain to San Francisco.
At night, climbing up onto one of the less-populated hills affords panoramic views of the city‘s night lights. Due to the city‘s hilly terrain, you can see a hierarchy of lights in all directions.
Lights in different colors sparkle and shine in layers and are reflected in the sparkling river, creating a mirage-like view -- it‘s hard to tell the river and the lights.
But it is to cruise down China‘s longest river, the Yangtze, passing through the famous Three Gorges that most tourists come to Chongqing. With over 100 cruise ships that begin their itineraries in the city, there is no better place to start a Three Gorges river tour.
Choingqing‘s hot spicy food is famous. The most well-known dish is the hotpot, which is a pot of boiling broth that you put various uncooked food items into. The meal always takes a long time, so it is good to eat it in the company of others.
Situated on the bank of the Jia Ling River, not far from its confluence with the mighty Yangtze is the ancient village of Ci Qi Kou, formerly known as Long Yin. Covering an area of some 1.2 square kilometres (291.6 acres) it is 14 kilometres to the west of Chongqing Municipality.
Chongqing itself has undergone many changes over the centuries, changes that have not been reflected in Ci Qi Kou with the consequence that the village conveys an impression of what Chongqing would have been like in the distant past. This fact has been recognized by the State Council and in 1998 Ci Qi Kou became a protected cultural site.
The history of Ci Qi Kou can be traced back for more than 1700 years. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1911) it was famous for its production of porcelain. To date, over twenty old kiln sites have been discovered there. It is because of the importance of the porcelain industry that the name has been changed from Long Yin to Ci Qi Kou which being translated means Porcelain Village. However, the village was also an important supply post for shipping on the river, a fact that explains why there are so many shops lining the twelve lanes paved with their large flag stones that form the main routes. Here you will find many outlets for craftwork, groceries and the like as well as a horologist, photography supplies, drugstore and a tempting supply of roasted nuts and seeds. As one would expect there are also many teashops and restaurants to cater for the many visitors who come to see something of a way of life that has existed here for so many centuries.
The majority of the houses date from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, periods during which many masterpieces of Chinese architecture were created. Much of the two and three storey construction is of bamboo and timber. Blue bricks and pillars set off the snow-white walls that contrast in turn with vermilion doors and lattice windows. Black tablets and lanterns adorn the gates to complete the authentic and traditional appearance of the properties. The quietly flowing waters of the Jia Ling River pass by the front of the village and have been its lifeblood for as long as anyone can remember. For it was the river that brought goods and people here as well as carrying local products off to customers at home and abroad.
The three notable attractions of the village are the tea bars, the artists' studios and the Shu Embroidery workshops. Surprisingly, there are more than a hundred tea bars each with their own particular characteristics. Here friends enjoy a chat or meet to discuss business. So the tea bars offer the opportunity for you to meet the locals and also become acquainted with the unique folk opera.
The ateliers, where you may see the work of the local artists will be of great interest. It has been said that the more beautiful a place may be, the more artists it will attract. You are sure to be amazed by the quality of the work on show and in progress as the many artists record the local scenes with skill and dedication. With so many artists working in Ci Qi Kou, you will be spoiled for choice when seeking a souvenir of your visit
Artistic ability of another kind will sure to please your eye when you visit a Shu Embroidery workshop. The craft is famous throughout China and the skill of the women you will observe working in the village is unsurpassed. It will be difficult to decide whether to opt for a painting or a piece of embroidery as a reminder of your visit as the choice on offer is truly stunning.
Choice is no less a problem when it comes to deciding where to take a meal at one of the many restaurants. Local dishes include Mao Xue Wang, Qian Zhang Pi and JiaoYan Huang Sheng. All come very highly recommended. You may well ask 'What on earth are they?' It is our opinion that whichever you try, you will not be disappointed and will soon come to realise why they are so popular.
It is often said that a visit to China is a cultural experience. This is never more true than when you visit a place such as Ci Qi Kou where you will find the local residents dedicated to their traditional way of life, unaffected by modern influences to be found in the larger towns and cities. Above all, you will find a friendly welcome awaits you as the people of Ci Qi Kou share their special way of life with you for the duration of your visit.
Chongqing is the birth place of the hot pot in China. Once upon a time, it was a seasonal food designed to protect against the low temperatures and frigid winds of the winter. People would sit around a table, eat hot pot, and revel in the instant warmth that would flood their bodies. Hot pot has become more and more popular today, and it is widely enjoyed by people and regardless of seasons and regions.
Eating hot pot is a joyful experience. First, you need to choose the pot - spicy, pure or a combination of two - for the soup and dipping sauce. After the spiced soup boils with a hazy steam, fish, meat, bean curds and vegetables can be added. When the soup boils again, you can eat by dipping them in a little bowl of special sauce ¨Cbut be careful of the burning hot soup!In Chongqing, hot pot restaurants can be found everywhere and many have become very popular among the local people. Xiao Tian E (Cygnet Hot-Pot Palace) and Su Da Jie, E Zhang Men are the restaurants most suited for mass consumption. The hot pot restaurants in the Chongqing 5-star Harbour Plaza also serve decent food in a cozy environment
Introduction Surrounded by water on 3 sides, Chongqing is situated at the confluence of Yangtze River and Jialing River. With beautiful hills and mountains the "Mountain City" has long been reputed for its wonderful scenery. To its east, there is the famous Three Gorges on the Yangtze River; to its west, there are the 50, 000 stone figures sculpted on the cliffs during the Tang and Song Dynasties as the acme of perfection; in its south, the stone forests in Wansheng District seem superlatively made, yet they were created by nature; and in its north you cannot help meditating on the dinosaur fossils of 180 million years ago. The Fishing Fortress in Hechuan has long been widely known. The waterfalls, stones, forests, springs, and outdoor games in Simianshan Mountain in Jiangjing are fascinating. In the city proper. there are attractive Eling Hill, Loquat Hill, Night Scene of the Mountain City, Flowers in the Nanshan Park decorating the mountain city. The East, South, West, North, and Tongjing Hot Springs are like five pearls scattered in the suburbs. The Anti-Japanese Remains present the combat achievements in Chongqing by the Anti-fascist Allies during the Second World War. and the Red Crag Village and Geleshan Martyrs' Cemetery bear the glorious loyalty of the revolutionary seniors. For the city itself, it came into being three thousand years ago and got its name 800 years ago. On December 8, 1986, it was appointed one of the Historical and Cultural Cities of China by the State Council.
As one of the four municipalities under the Central Government (MDUCG), there are two things in particular immediately distinguish Chongqing from the other MDUCGs (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin). The first, it is unusually large in area, covering 82,400 sq km, 2.4 times the total area occupied by Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin municipalities. The 43 urban districts and counties under its jurisdiction represent three quarters the total number governed by the three other municipalities. Secondly, it is unusually large in population. At the end of 1997, 30.429 million people lived in Chongqing, equivalent to 83 percent of the total population of Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. In Chongqing, however, more than 80 percent of the population is rural, a figure far higher than in the other municipalities.
Thus, of all the municipalities, Chongqing has the largest area and population and the highest proportion of peasants.
HISTORY Chongqing's history extends back at least 3,000 years, endowing it with much historical and cultural significance. Traces of man's presence have been found from as far back as the end of the Old Stone Age 20,000 to 30,000 years ago. From the beginning of the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century B.C.) to the close of the Warring States Period (221 B.C.), it was the capital of the state of Ba. From the Qin Dynasty through the Eastern Han Dynasty (221 B.C.-220 A.D.), it was a prefecture also known as Ba. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, (581-907 A.D.), it was known as the sub-prefecture of Yuzhou, hence its standard byname "Yu.'' Subsequently, during the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.), it was renamed Gongzhou. In 1189, during the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhao Dun, later the Guangzong Emperor, was given the title Prince of Gong. Regarding this as an exceedingly joyous event, he upgraded its status to that of a prefecture and renamed it as "Chongqing'' or "redoubled celebration,'' the name it carries to this day.
The Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1911) saw goods spin in and out of the city as merchants from the four corners gathered. In 1891 Chongqing became an open port and a customs house was established there. Shipping and trade and the financial and processing industries grew steadily more prosperous as the city came to link southwestern China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with the rest of the world. In 1929 Chongqing was formally declared a city. Following the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan in 1937, the Kuomintang (KMT) moved the government from Nanjing to Chongqing. In 1939 the city was elevated to a municipality under the Executive Yuan. Beginning in 1940 it served as the wartime ``provisional capital'' for the KMT government, becoming China's political, economic, financial, commercial, transportation, cultural and diplomatic center. After the KMT government returned to the formerly occupied capital Nanjing in 1946, Chongqing returned to its status as a municipality under the Executive Yuan.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Southwestern Sub-bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Southwestern Military and Political Commission were set up in Chongqing. The city was made a municipality directly under the central government and continued as the political, economic and cultural center of southwestern China. After the system whereby the nation was organized into large administrative zones was rescinded in 1954, Chongqing's status was changed to that of a city under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province. In 1983 the central government decided to include Chongqing in the first group of cities where pilot reforms of the economic system could be tried out, its economic planning being directly supervised by the State Council. The state also gave the city provincial-level administrative powers over its economy and formally made it a foreign trade port. Since entering the 1990s China has been effecting its strategy of opening and developing the Yangtze River. Chongqing was listed as an open city. In September 1996, with the approval of the State Council, Sichuan passed administration over the cities of Wanxian and Fuling and Qianjiang Prefecture to Chongqing to govern on the province's behalf. In March 1997, the Fifth Session of the Eighth NPC discussed and approved a resolution rescinding Chongqing's then current status of city, declaring Chongqing a MDUCG.
Topography Chongqing may be found on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River covering the area 105x17'-110x11' E longitude and 28x10'-32x13' N latitude. The municipality, measuring 470 km from west to east and 450 km from north to south, borders Shaanxi Province to the north, Hubei and Hunan to the east, Guizhou to the south and its former province Sichuan to the west. Generally speaking, the land is higher in the north and south, sloping lower into the Yangtze River Valley in the center. For the most part, the terrain is characterized by low hills, mostly less than 500 meters above sea level. The municipality is home to the Daning River and is fed by the waters of the Jialing, Wujiang, Fujiang and Qijiang rivers, in addition to the Yangtze.
Chongqing has a humid subtropical monsoon climate, with little frost or snow, frequent clouds and mist, warm winters, hot summers, early springs and short autumns. The average temperature in January is 7.5 C and in July, 28.5 C, the mean annual temperature being 18 C. There is abundant rainfall, with annual precipitation averaging 1,000 to 1,400 mm. Rain is particularly plentiful in the nighttime during the weeks when spring passes into summer, giving rise to the common reference "night rain in the hills of Ba, (eastern Sichuan).''
Natural Resources More than 40 mineral products have been found in Chongqing; 25 varieties, most importantly coal, natural gas, strontium, pyrite, halite, bauxite, mercury, manganese, barium, marble, limestone and barite, have proven reserves. With reserves of 320 billion cubic meters, it is one of China's principal sources of natural gas. Reserves of bauxite (74 million tons), halite (300 billion tons), and strontium (1.85 million tons) lead the nation. Reserves of manganese and barium rank second and third respectively.
The areas abounds with biological variety, including more than 2,000 species of vascular plants. Some 380 animal species can be found locally, including the zibet (Asiatic civet cat), otter, clouded leopard, macaque, red-breasted golden pheasants, crown deer and other unusual wild animals. Rongchang is the nation's famous producing base
