关于Android 平台开发相关的有哪些推荐书籍
深入浅出
Android
–
Google
手持设备应用程序设计
入门书籍，作者写的很不错，可以在阅读
SDK
的同时阅读这本书，中间的一些使
用介绍的非常清楚，最重要的是中文版的
Google
Android
应用框架原理与程式设计
36
技
最早介绍
Android
的中文书籍，台湾人写的繁体版的，看得有些影响，不过还是值
得耐心阅读的
Android
A
Programmer’s
Guide
多个专家写的介绍
Android
的书籍，
内容写的很不错，
Ask
the
Expert
部分针对一些
问题作了详细的说明
Android
Essentials
对
Android
介绍的比较全面，从安装到开发，应该有新版本了。
Google
Android
SDK
开发范例大全
(
第
2
版
)
以
Android
手机应用程序开发（采用
AndroidSDK2.1
）为主题，通过
160
多个范例
全面且深度地整合了手机、网络及服务等多个开发领域，为读者提高程序设计功力
提供了很大的帮助。
Google
Android
开发入门与实战
内容上覆盖了用
Android
开发的大部分场景，从
Android
基础介绍、环境搭建、
SD
K
介绍、
Market
使用，到应用剖析、组件介绍、实例演示等方面。从技术实现上，
讲解了
5
个
Android
平台下的完整综合实例及源代码分析，分别是
RSS
阅读器、基
于
Google
Map
的个人
GPS
、豆瓣网（
Web
2.0
）客户端、在线音乐播放器、手机信
息助手，为初学者学习与实践结合提供了很好的指导。
Android
平台开发之旅
涵盖了
Android
平台
1.5
到
2.2
版本的主要功能特性，立足实际的开发案例，
介绍了
Android
手机平台开发的基础概念、
实用技术和应用模式。
主要内容包括：
平台基础、
开发环境搭建、程序框架、高级界面和底层界面设计、文件系统管理、网络通信、
无线通信、多媒体编程、个人信息管理、电话系统、数据库应用、
XML
应用和地图
应用。开发实例多达
120
例。
如何成为
Android
高手
成为一名真正的
Android
高手必须掌握和遵循的一些准则：
1
，学会懒惰
2
，精通
Android
体系架构、
MVC
、常见的设计模式、控制反转（
IoC
）
3
，编写可重用、可扩展、可维护、灵活性高的代码
4
，高效的编写高效的代码
5
，学会至少一门服务器端开发技术
Android
开发指南中文版之应用程序框架
Android
SDK1.5
版的英文开发资料
Android
Development
Guide
中应用程序框架部
分的翻译
PDF
文
什么设计模式的书比较好
世界上第一本设计模式书，堪称经典的GOF《设计模式》基于C++滴~！不过我推荐你看Head First 设计模式 虽然基于java语言但是，感觉这个比上面那个容易理解，上面的太枯燥了，要看好多遍，我就看好多遍才懂。如果有钱推荐你买2个。市面上的书我看过GOF《设计模式》、《Head First 设计模式》、《设计模式解析2》《大话设计模式》。这几本书只有第一个GOF《设计模式》是基于C++的。这几本书按难易程度是《大话设计模式》最简单，《Head First 设计模式》次之，《设计模式解析2》第三简单，GOF《设计模式》最枯燥，但是从OO本质，告诉你神马是设计模式，如何推到出来设计模式这个本质问题必须看《设计模式解析2》，这些书我都买啦，嘿嘿，推荐哦
《Head First Design Pattern》真的是本好书吗
Head First设计模式》(中文版)共有14章，每章都介绍了几个设计模式，完整地涵盖了四人组版本全部23个设计模式。前言先介绍这本书的用法；第1章到第11章陆续介绍的设计模式为Strategy、Observer、Decorator、Abstract Factory、Factory Method、Singleton，Command、Adapter、Facade、TemplateMethod、Iterator、Composite、State、Proxy。最后三章比较特别。第12章介绍如何将两个以上的设计模式结合起来成为新的设计模式(例如著名的MVC模式)，作者称其为复合设计模式(这是作者自创的名称，并非四人组的标准名词)，第13章介绍如何进一步学习设计模式，如何发觉新的设计模式等主题，至于第14章则很快地浏览尚未介绍的设计模式，包括Bridge、Builder、Chain of Responsibility、Flyweight、Interpreter、Mediator、Memento、Prototype，Visitor。第1章还介绍了四个○○基本概念(抽象、封装、继承、多态)，而第1章到第9章也陆续介绍了九个○○原则(Principle)。千万不要轻视这些○○原则，因为每个设计模式背后都包含了几个○○原则的概念。很多时候，在设计时有两难的情况，这时候我们必须回归到○○原则，以方便判断取舍。可以这么说：○○原则是我们的目标，而设计模式是我们的做法。
请问 大话设计模式 这本书讲的是什么编程语言？我学C#和C++能看这本书吗？
有关“设计模式”的啊世界上第一本设计模式书，堪称经典的GOF《设计模式》基于C++的。不过我推荐你看《HeadFirst设计模式》，虽然基于java语言，但是这本书写的比较简单生动一些，比较好理解。有关“设计模式”的比较经典的书有：GOF《设计模式》、《HeadFirst设计模式》、《设计模式解析2》《大话设计模式》。这几本书只有第一个GOF《设计模式》是基于C++的。这几本书按难易程度是《大话设计模式》最简单，《HeadFirst设计模式》次之，《设计模式解析2》第三简单，GOF《设计模式》最枯燥但也可能是最深入的。如果你非要C#的，也有，库珀(JamesW.Cooper)编著,叶斌翻译的《C#设计模式》。
求一篇关于产品造型设计的论文，中英文对照的，中文3000－5000字左右，谢谢 [email protected]
关于产品造型设计的论文
写作是很痛苦的事情，你会遇到滞碍。这有很多原因，而且不一定能顺利解决。但是过于追求完美是一个很重要的原因。其实写作是一个不断完善的过程。当你发现所写的不是你开始想写的，写下粗稿，以后再修补。写粗稿可以理出自己的思想、渐渐进入状态。如果写不出全部内容，就写纲要，在容易写具体的内容时再补充。如果写不出来，就把想到的东西全部写出来，即使你觉得是垃圾。当你写出足够的内容，再编辑它们，转化成有意义的东西。
另一个原因是想把所有的东西都有序的写出来(in order)。你可能要从正文写起，最后在你知道你写的到底是什么的时候再写简介。写作是很痛苦的事情，有时候一天只能写上一页。追求完美也可能导致对已经完美的文章无休止的修改润饰。这不过是浪费时间罢了。把写作当作和人说话就行了。无休止的修改格式而不是内容也是常犯的错误。要避免这种情况。
从每一段到整个文章都应该把最引人入胜的东西放在前面。让读者容易看到你写的东西(Make it easy for the reader to find out what you've done)。注意处理摘要（carefully craft the abstract）。确定(be sure)说出了你的好思想是什么。确定你自己知道这个思想是什么，然后想想怎么用几句话写出来。大篇的摘要说明文章是写什么的，说明有一个想法但没有说到底是什么。不要大肆夸耀你自己做的事情。你经常会发现自己写的句子或者段落不好，但不知道怎么修补。这是因为你自己进入了死胡同。你必须回去重写。这会随着你的练习减少。确信你的文章真的有思想（ideas）。要说清楚为什么，不仅仅是怎么样。 为人而写，不要为了机器而写。不仅仅需要正确，还需要易读。读者应该只做最明显简单的推理。
完成文章以后，删除第一段或者前面的几句话。你会发现这些话其实对主旨没有影响。 如果你在所有的工作做完以后才开始写，就会失去很多好处（benefit）。一旦开始研究工作，好的方法是养成写不正式文章的习惯，每隔几个月（every few months）记下最新的和你刚学的东西。从你的研究笔记开始比较好。用两天时间来写，如果太长的话就说明你太追求完美了。这不是要进行判断的东西，而是与朋友共享的。在封面上说明“草稿”（DRAFT-NOT FOR CITATION）。拷贝很多份，给那些感兴趣的人看，包括导师。这种做法对以后写正式的论文很有好处。
关于美国自由女神像的英文资料，谢谢各位啦！急啊
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World (La liberté éclairant le monde), known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in 1885, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship between the two nations. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the Repoussé technique.
The statue depicts a woman, standing upright, dressed in a flowing robe and a spiked crown, holding a stone tablet close to her body in her left hand and a flaming torch high in her right hand. The statue is made of verdigris copper with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf. It stands atop a rectangular stonework pedestal, itself on an irregular eleven-pointed star foundation. The statue is 151 feet, 1 inch tall, with the foundation adding another 154 feet. The tablet contains the text "July IV MDCCLXXVI", commemorating the date of the United States Declaration of Independence. The interior of the pedestal contains a bronze plaque inscribed with the poem The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus.
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the U.S. worldwide,[1] and, in a more general sense, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the Jet age, often the first glimpse of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. In terms of visual impact, the Statue of Liberty appears to draw inspiration from il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes.
History
Discussions in France over a suitable gift to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence were headed by the politician and sympathetic writer of the history of the United States, Édouard René Lefèvre de Laboulaye. French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was commissioned to design a sculpture with the year 1876 in mind for completion. The idea for the commemorative gift then grew out of the political turmoil which was shaking France at the time. The French Third Republic was still considered as a "temporary" arrangement by many, who wished a return to Monarchism, or to some form of constitutional authoritarianism which they had known under Napoleon. The idea of giving a colossal representation of republican virtues to a "sister" republic across the sea served as a focus for the republican cause against other politicians.
Various sources cite different models for the face of the statue. One indicated the then-recently widowed Isabella Eugenie Boyer, the wife of Isaac Singer, the sewing-machine industrialist. "She was rid of the uncouth presence of her husband, who had left her with only his most socially desirable attributes: his fortune and... his children. She was, from the beginning of her career in Paris, a well-known figure. As the good-looking French widow of an American industrialist she was called upon to be Bartholdi's model for the Statue of Liberty." [2] Another source believed that the "stern face" belonged to Bartholdi's mother, Charlotte Bartholdi (1801-1891), with whom he was very close. [3] National Geographic magazine also pointed to his mother, noting that Bartholdi never denied nor explained the resemblance. [4] The first model, on a small scale, was built in 1870. This first statue is now in the Jardin du Luxembourg in Paris.
While in a visit to Egypt that was to shift his artistic perspective from simply grand to colossal, Bartholdi was inspired by the project of Suez Canal which was being undertaken by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps who later became a life-long friend to him. He envisioned a giant lighthouse standing at the entrance to Suez Canal and drew plans for it. It would be patterned after the Roman goddess Libertas, modified to resemble a robed Egyptian peasant, a fallaha, with light beaming out from both a headband and a torch thrust dramatically upward into the skies. Bartholdi presented his plans to the Egyptian Khediev, Isma'il Pasha, in 1867 and, with revisions, again in 1869, but the project was never commissioned.[5], [6]
It was agreed upon that in a joint effort the American people were to build the base, and the French people were responsible for the Statue and its assembly in the United States. However, lack of funds was a problem on both sides of the Atlantic. In France, public fees, various forms of entertainment, and a lottery were among the methods used to raise the 2,250,000 francs. In the United States, benefit theatrical events, art exhibitions, auctions and prize fights assisted in providing needed funds. Meanwhile in France, Bartholdi required the assistance of an engineer to address structural issues associated with designing such a colossal copper sculpture. Gustave Eiffel (designer of the Eiffel Tower) was commissioned to design the massive iron pylon and secondary skeletal framework which allows the Statue's copper skin to move independently yet stand upright. Eiffel delegated the detailed work to his trusted structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin.
On June 30, 1878, at the Paris Exposition, the completed head of the statue was showcased in the garden of the Trocadéro palace, while other pieces were on display in the Champs de Mars.
Back in America, the site, authorized in New York Harbor by Act of Congress, 1877, was selected by General William Tecumseh Sherman, who settled on Bartholdi's own choice, then known as Bedloe's Island, where there was already an early 19th century star-shaped fortification.
Bartholdi's design patentOn February 18, 1879, Bartholdi was granted a design patent, U.S. Patent D11023, on "a statue representing Liberty enlightening the world, the same consisting, essentially, of the draped female figure, with one arm upraised, bearing a torch, and while the other holds an inscribed tablet, and having upon the head a diadem, substantially as set forth." The patent described the head as having "classical, yet severe and calm, features," noted that the body is "thrown slightly over to the left so as to gravitate upon the left leg, the whole figure thus being in equilibrium," and covered representations in "any manner known to the glyptic art in the form of a statue or statuette, or in alto-relievo or bass-relief, in metal, stone, terra-cotta, plaster-of-paris, or other plastic composition."[7]
Fundraising for the pedestal, led by William M. Evarts, was going slowly, so Joseph Pulitzer (who established the Pulitzer Prize) opened up the editorial pages of his newspaper, The World, to support the fund raising effort. Pulitzer used his newspaper to criticize both the rich, who had failed to finance the pedestal construction, and the middle class who were content to rely upon the wealthy to provide the funds[citation needed]. Pulitzer's campaign of harsh criticism was successful in motivating the people of America to donate. (It also promoted his newspaper, which purportedly added ~50,000 subscribers in the course of the statue campaign effort.)
Financing for the pedestal, designed by American architect Richard Morris Hunt, was completed in August 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, and pedestal construction was finished on April 22, 1886. When the last stone of the pedestal was swung into place the masons reached into their pockets and showered into the mortar a collection of silver coins.
Built into the pedestal's massive masonry are two sets of four iron girders, connected by iron tie beams that are carried up to become part of Eiffel's framework for the statue itself. Thus Liberty is integral with her pedestal.
The Statue was completed in France in July, 1884 and arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885 on board the French frigate Isere. To prepare for transit, the Statue was reduced to 350 individual pieces and packed in 214 crates. (The right arm and the torch, which were completed earlier, had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1876, and thereafter at Madison Square in New York City.) The Statue was re-assembled on her new pedestal in four months' time. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland in front of thousands of spectators. (Ironically, it was Cleveland who, as Governor of the State of New York, had earlier vetoed a bill by the New York legislature to contribute $50,000 to the building of the pedestal.) [8] In any event, she was a centennial gift ten years belated.
The Statue of Liberty was a real lighthouse from 1886 to 1902 ([2] [3]). At that time the US Lighthouse board was responsible for its operation. In fact there was a lighthouse keeper and the electric light could be seen for 24 miles (39 km) at sea. There was an electric plant on the island to generate power for the light.
In 1916, the Black Tom Explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage to the statue, embedding shrapnel and eventually leading to the closing of the torch to visitors. The same year, Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, modified the original copper torch by cutting away most of the copper in the flame, retrofitting glass panes and installing an internal light[citation needed]. After these modifications, the torch severely leaked rainwater and snowmelt, accelerating corrosion inside the statue. President Franklin D. Roosevelt rededicated the Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary (October 28, 1936).
As with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Statue of Liberty National Monument, along with Ellis Island and Liberty Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966[citation needed].
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was added to the World Heritage List. [9]
[edit] Origin of the copper
Historical records make no mention of the source of the copper used in the Statue of Liberty. In the village of Visnes in the municipality of Karmøy, Norway, tradition holds that the copper came from the French-owned Visnes Mine.[10][11] Ore from this mine, refined in France and Belgium, was a significant source of European copper in the late nineteenth century. In 1985, Bell Laboratories used emission spectrography to compare samples of copper from the Visnes Mines and from the Statue of Liberty, found the spectrum of impurities to be very similar, and concluded that the evidence argued strongly for a Norwegian origin of the copper.
[edit] Liberty Centennial
This section does not cite its references or sources.
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, American Express would contribute one penny to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the Statute of Liberty restoration project. In 1984, the statue was closed so that a $62 million renovation could be performed for the statue's centennial. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca was appointed by President Reagan to head the commission overseeing the task (but was later dismissed "to avoid any question of conflict" of interest).[12] Workers erected scaffolding around the statue, obscuring it from public view until the rededication on July 4, 1986. Inside work began with workers using liquid nitrogen to remove seven layers of paint applied to the interior of the copper skin over the decades. That left two layers of tar originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda removed the tar without further damaging the copper. Larger holes in the copper skin had edges smoothed then mated with new copper patches.[citation needed]
Each of the 1,350 shaped iron ribs backing the skin had to be removed and replaced. The iron had experienced galvanic corrosion wherever it contacted the copper skin, losing up to 50% of its thickness. Bartholdi had anticipated the problem and used an asbestos/pitch combination to separate the metals, but the insulation had worn away decades before. New bars of stainless steel bent into matching shapes replaced the iron bars, with Teflon film separating them from the skin for further insulation and friction reduction. Liquid nitrogen was again introduced to parts of the copper skin in a cryogenics process which was treated by a (now defunct) Michigan company called CryoTech[citation needed] to ensure certain individual parts of the statue were strengthened and would last longer after installation.
The internal structure of the upraised right arm was reworked. The statue was erected with the arm offset 18" (0.46 m) to the right and forward of Eiffel's central frame, while the head was offset 24" (0.61 m) to the left, which compromised the framework. Theory held that Bartholdi made the modification without Eiffel's involvement after seeing the arm and head were too close. Engineers considered reinforcements made in 1932 insufficient and added diagonal bracing in 1984 and 1986 to make the arm structurally sound.
[edit] New Torch
Original torch, replaced in 1986.A new torch replaced the original, which was deemed beyond repair because of the extensive 1916 modifications. The 1886 torch is now located in the monument's lobby museum. The new torch has gold plating applied to the exterior of the "flame," which is illuminated by external lamps on the surrounding balcony platform. Upgraded climate control systems and two elevators (one to the top of the pedestal and a small emergency elevator to the crown) were added. The Statue of Liberty was reopened to the public on July 5, 1986.
[edit] After 9/11
Until September 11, 2001, the interior of the statue was open to visitors. They would arrive by ferry and could climb the circular single-file stairs (limited by the available space) inside the metallic statue, exposed to the sun out in the harbor (the interior reaching extreme temperatures, particularly in summer months), and about 30 people at a time could fit up into her crown. This provided a broad view of New York Harbor (she faces the ocean, and France) through 25 windows, the largest approximately 18" (46 cm) in height. The view did not, therefore, include the skyline of New York City, however. The wait outside regularly exceeded 3 hours, excluding the wait for ferries and ferry tickets.
Liberty Island closed on September 11, 2001; the islands reopened in December, and the statue itself reopened on August 3, 2004. Currently, the museum and ten-story pedestal are open for visitation. The interior of the statue remains closed, although a glass ceiling in the pedestal allows for views of Eiffel's iron framework.
Visitors to Liberty Island and the Statue are currently subject to restrictions, including personal searches similar to the security found in airports.
That was not the first time, however, that the Statue of Liberty had been threatened by terrorism. On February 18, 1965, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced it had uncovered a plot by three commandos from the Black Liberation Front, who were connected to Cuba, and a female co-conspirator from Montreal seeking independence for Quebec from Canada, who were sent to destroy the statue and at least two other national shrines - the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C.
In June 2006, a bill, S. 3597, was proposed in Congress which, if approved, could re-open the crown and interior of the Statue of Liberty to visitors. Approval or disapproval of this bill will probably occur in early- to mid-2007.[13]
On August 9, 2006 National Park Service Director Fran Mainella, in a letter to Congressman Anthony Weiner of New York stated that the crown and interior of the statue would remain closed indefinitely. The letter stated that "the current access patterns reflect a responsible management strategy in the best interests of all our visitors.".[14]
[edit] Jumps
At 2:45 p.m. on February 2, 1912, steeplejack Frederick R. Law successfully performed a parachute jump from the observation platform surrounding the torch. It was done with the permission of the army captain administering the island. The New York Times reported that he "fell fully seventy-five feet [23 m] like a dead weight, the parachute showing no inclination whatsoever to open at first", but he then descended "gracefully", landed hard, and limped away.[15]
The first and so far only death on Liberty Island occurred on May 13, 1929. The Times reported a witness as saying the man, later identified as Ralph Gleason, crawled out through one of the windows of the crown, turned around as if to return, "seemed to slip" and "shot downward, bouncing off the breasts of the statue in the plunge." The body landed on a patch of grass at the base, just a few feet from a workman who was mowing the grass.[16]
自由女神像
自由女神像（Statue of Liberty），又称“自由照耀世界”（英语：Liberty Enlightening the World，法语：Liberté éclairant le monde），是法国在1876年赠送给美国的独立100周年礼物，位於美国纽约市哈德逊河口附近。雕像所在的自由岛是观光重点。
法国著名雕塑家巴托尔迪历时10年艰辛完成了雕像的雕塑工作，女神的外貌设计来源于雕塑家的母亲，而女神高举火炬的右手则是以雕塑家妻子的手臂为蓝本。
自由女神穿着古希腊风格的服装，所戴头冠有象征世界七大洲及七大洋的七道尖芒。女神右手高举象征自由的火炬，左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》，脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束，在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。
自由女神像高46米，加基座为93米，重200多吨，是金属铸造，置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的，现在的底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。
1984年，自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
数据
搭建安装雕像所用时间 3个半月
手的长度 5.5米
雕像的厚度 8米
雕像头部可容纳的人 40人数
雕像总重 (80吨铜 + 120吨钢) 200吨
铜板的厚度 2.37毫米
从法国搬运到美国时所用的集装箱数 210个
建造支出 343 000欧元
开工日期 1866年7月12日
自由女神像简单的中英文简介
我的回答不算多也不算少，希望楼主能满意。
自由女神像全名为“自由女神铜像国家纪念碑”，正式名称是“照耀世界的自由女神”，于1886年10月28日矗立在美国纽约市海港内的自由岛的哈德逊河口附近，被誉为美国的象征，创作者是弗雷德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪。1984年，它被列入世界遗产名录。
中文名：
自由女神像
外文名：
Statue of Liberty
全名：
自由女神铜像国家纪念碑
设计者：
弗雷德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪
材质：
钢、铜的合金
建筑时间：
1874～1884年
地理坐标：
40°41'21.17"N，74°02'40.41W
雕像高46米，加基座为93米，重达225吨（合49万磅），
是金属铸造。铜像内部的钢铁支架由建筑师维雷勃杜克和后来建造巴黎埃菲尔铁塔闻名于世界法国工程师居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计制作。整座铜像以120吨的钢铁为骨架，80吨铜片为外皮，以30万只铆钉装配固定在支架上。
自由女神像是法国为纪念美国独立战争期间的美法联盟赠送给美国的礼物，由法国著名雕塑家奥古斯特©巴托第在巴黎设计并制作，历时10余年，于1884年5月完成，1885年6月装箱运至纽约，1886年10月由当时的美国总统克利夫兰亲自在纽约主持揭幕仪式。
女神右手高举象征自由的火炬，左手捧着刻有1776年7月4日的《独立宣言》，脚下是打碎的手铐、脚镣和锁链。她象征着自由、挣脱暴政的约束，在1886年10月28日落成并揭幕。雕像锻铁的内部结构是由后来建造了巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的居斯塔夫·埃菲尔设计的。自由女神像高46米，加基座为93米，重200多吨，是金属铸造，置于一座混凝土制的台基上。自由女神的底座是著名的约瑟夫·普利策筹集10万美金建成的，底座是一个美国移民史博物馆。1984年，自由女神像被列为世界文化遗产。
英语里的颜色都怎么说？
pink
粉红色
salmon
pink
橙红色
baby
pink
浅粉红色
shocking
pink
鲜粉红色
brown
褐色,
茶色
beige
灰褐色
chocolate
红褐色,
赭石色
sandy
beige
浅褐色
camel
驼色
amber
琥珀色
khaki
卡其色
maroon
褐红色
green
绿色
moss
green
苔绿色
emerald
green
鲜绿色
olive
green
橄榄绿
blue
蓝色
turquoise
blue
土耳其玉色
cobalt
blue
钴蓝色,
艳蓝色
navy
blue
藏青色,
深蓝色,
天蓝色
aquamarine
blue
蓝绿色
red
红色
scarlet
绯红,
猩红
mauve
紫红
wine
red
葡萄酒红
purple,
violet
紫色
lavender
淡紫色
lilac
浅紫色
antique
violet
古紫色
pansy
紫罗兰色
white
白色
off-white
灰白色
ivory
象牙色
snowy
white
雪白色
oyster
white
乳白色
gray
灰色
charcoal
gray
炭灰色
smoky
gray
烟灰色
misty
gray
雾灰色
高分求有关工程造价或项目管理或预算的英文论文
5. Cost Estimation
5.1 Costs Associated with Constructed Facilities
The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number of cost components.
The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the inital establishment of the facility:
Land acquisition, including assembly, holding and improvement
Planning and feasibility studies
Architectural and engineering design
Construction, including materials, equipment and labor
Field supervision of construction
Construction financing
Insurance and taxes during construction
Owner's general office overhead
Equipment and furnishings not included in construction
Inspection and testing
The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle includes the following expenses:
Land rent, if applicable
Operating staff
Labor and material for maintenance and repairs
Periodic renovations
Insurance and taxes
Financing costs
Utilities
Owner's other expenses
输入限制，不能全部发给你，参考以下网址
http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/05_Cost_Estimation.html
或交流，还有很多，不能全部收录。
Project Management and Cost
Jim Sloman
Chief Executive and Director
MI Associates
Former Chief Operating Officer
Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games
Australia
这篇的长度合适PDF8页
http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_645.pdf
关于世博会的英语作文
[关于世博会的英语作文]关于世博会的英语作文 （ .com） 上海世博会英语作文必备素材
（注：带下划线语句和范文为重点）
上海世博会相关作文素材：
上海世博会主题：城市，让生活更美好
The theme of Expo 2010 is “Better City,Better Life”.（上海世博会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”，关于世博会的英语作文。）
Why do we set this theme?（为什么会确立这个主题呢？）
The core value can be interpreted as following: TheCity, built by people, has been evolving and growing into an organic system. People are the most dynamic cells with the best ability to innovatein this system. People’s life is close ly interactive with the urban morphology and development.（其核心思想可以这样理解：城市史人创造的，它不断地演进、演化和成长为一个有机系统。人是这个有机系统中最具活力和最富有创新能力的细胞。人的生活与城市的形态和发展密切互动。）
With the rapid urbanization, a more extensive relationship and interaction has been established between the city organic system and earth’s
biosphere and resource system. People, city and earth are just like three organic systems linking with each other and fusing into the integrity throughout the whole process of urban development. （随着城市化进程的加速，城市的有机系统与地球大生物圈和资源体系之间相互作用也日益加深和扩大。人、城市和地球三个有机系统环环相扣，这种关系贯穿了城市发展的历程，三者也将日益融合成为一个不可分割的整体。）
For further reflect of the theme "Better City, Better Life", five sub-themes are defined; the yare "Blending of Diverse Cultures in the
City", "Economic Prosperity of the City", "Innovation of Science and Technology in the City", "Remodeling of Urban Communities", and "Rural-urban Interaction". （为了更好地理解城市，让生活更美好，上海世博会还设有五个副主题分别是城市多元文化的融合、“城市经济的繁荣”、“城市科技的创新”、“城市社区的重塑”、“城市和乡村的互动”。
）
上海世博会相关英语作文范文一：
例文：如果我是世博会的志愿者
I would like to be a volunteer of EXPO 2010 in Shanghai in my spare time. My reasons are as follows:
First of all, it is a good virtue（精神） to help others, even in modern society. We all need others’ help in case（以防万一） we get into trouble. Secondly, we are able to better ourselves by helping others because we gain valuable experience and build up our confidence（建立自信） while serving others. What’s more（另外，更进一步地说）， volunteering makes us feel better about ourselves, thus making our life more enjoyable. More importantly（更重要的是）, we can make the world a better place to live in by volunteering to improve it.
In summary（总而言之），volunteering can make a difference to（改变） our life, so I think it is very rewarding（值得的） to be a volunteer.
上海世博会相关作文素材：
上海世博会对中国的影响
2010 World Expo will be held in Shanghai in China, this is the first time that China hosted（主办） the World Expo. （2010年世界博览会将会在我国上海举行，这是第一次由我国举办的世界博览会，世博会作文《关于世博会的英语作文》。）
The theme ofthe Expo is "Better City, Better Life". Organizers expected to attract 70 million visitors from around the world to attend, at the same time it is also the largest in the history of World Expo. （这次博览会的主题是“城市，让生活更美好”（BetterCity,BetterLife）。主办机构预计会吸引世界各地7000万人次前来参加，同时它也是世界博览会史上规模最大的。）
The emblem of the Expo with the main colors of green, expressing the Chinese people for the future, the pursuit of sustainable developmen tand create passion. （此次博览会的会徽以绿色为主色调，抒发了中国人民面向未来，追求可持续发展的创造激情。）
上海世博会相关英语作文范文二：
On December 3，2002（日期表示方式）， the Bureau of International Expositions (or call it
BIE) announced（宣布） that Shanghai will host Expo 2010. The BIE had received bids from five cities to host Expo 2010. Among the 5 nice cities, the BIE chose Shanghai at last（最后）! It’s really an exciting news for not only Shanghainese（上海人）, but also all of Chinese people. Here are some details（细节） about it. Look at this profile carefully. The title is “The 2010 World Exposition, Shanghai, China”. This is the logo. And the theme is “better city, better life”. OK, let’s guess who is the image representative（形象代言人）? Yeah, you’re right, YaoMing!
Shanghai Expo is the first comprehensive（综合性的） World Expo held in a developing country（发展中国家）. And it is also the first one that takes “the city” as its theme, hoping that it can push forward（推进） the city development and help bring about（带来） a better urban living environment, just like the theme: better city, better life.
I think, as a student in Shanghai, we should learn to be a gentle person and keep good manners from now on. And try to practice English more in order（为了。。。） to communicate with foreigners fluently in the near future. Because, we’re a part of Shanghai!
我想成为2010世博会的志愿者
The World Expo is a large-scale（大规模的）, global, non-commercial（非营利性的，非商业性的） Expo. The hosting of the World Expo must be applied for（申请） by a country and approved by the international World Expo committee（委员会）. Expo aims to（目标在于，旨在） promote（促进，推进） the exchange（交流） of ideas and development of the world economy, culture, science and technology, to allow exhibitors to publicise and display their achievements and improve international relationships.
Accordingly（从而，因此）， the World Expo with its 150-year history(具有150年历史的) is regarded as（被看做为，被视为） the Olympic Games of the economy, science and technology. Shanghai will host the 2010 World Expo. The World Expo has a long history but it has never been held in Asia. So the 2010 World Expo is an honor for（是…的荣耀）all of the Asians. Our government has promised that（作出承诺） it will be the best one. And Shanghai, as a host city, will have more chances to develop quickly.
As a student in Shanghai, I should learn English well so that I can be a
〔关于世博会的英语作文〕【征服畏惧、建立自信的最快最确实的方法，就是去做你害怕的事，直到你获得成功的经验。】
2010世博会英语作文范文
[2010世博会英语作文范文]2010世博会英语作文范文 （ .com） 2010世博会英语作文范文The World Expo in 2010
Shanghai will host the 2010 World Expo. The World Expo has a long history but it has never been held in Asia. So the 2010 World Expo is an honor for all of the Asians. ()ur government -has promised that it will be the best one. And Shanghai. as a host city. will have more chances to develop quickly. As a student in Shanghai. I should learn English well so that I can be a volunteer in the Expo to help foreigners know more about Shanghai.
How To Be A Lovely Citizen(如何成为一个可爱的上海人)
Great changes have taken place in Shanghai and more and more people throughout the world are focusing their attention on Shanghai now. As a citizen of Shanghai. I feel I must spare no efforts to do my bit. First. I decide to help plant more trees to make our city more beautiful. Second. I should obey seven nos and be good at learning from others. Third. I should study hard so that I can
