英语翻译
第一段翻译：Exhibition letter Ann, busy to disturb you is really embarrassed. Now, I think I should be time to write a letter to you, I just know you hate me so much,。but please allow to be my last audience? Because there is a lot that I want to tell you through this letter. Thanks. These years, lost your contact but also lost our friendship, my deep regret.Unfortunately, life has no regret! If I can help. Good friends should help each other, isn't they?剩下的翻译：Maybe you don't know, I have been missing you, not blame you, blame me for cowardice and escape. After high school, the family asked me to "official" (superstition). I did not from, so I hid in a classmate's home, at that time。 now think is really ridiculous, obviously very want to know how your college entrance examination, but just do not have the courage to call you, why? Is irritable? Or are timid? Maybe all, so I asked him to inquire about you (call you)。and I knew it harassed you. It may hurt your heart and live up to her expectations. But I am not like that Like it? I hope to take this opportunity to express my apology to you and say sorry to you! I know some things are useless to say sorry, but I still beg for your forgiveness。hope you can accept my late confession, hope the past let him past. Perhaps you have forgotten, perhaps I also do not need to mention again。and perhaps at the beginning is redundant.and then later, gradually there is no news of you. I also have no way, because at that time I was really chaotic, my world became a mess。 my mood was bad to the extreme, I don't want to be tired to you, really! . (Actually, I have asked someone to go to Dongxi to find you。 I know your home is not in Dongxi. ) 。In my freshman year, I dropped out because of my family distress. After that time, I have been living while working and learning, and at that time。Fan Zhengli gave me a great help. The pressure of study and busy work make my daily life full and nervous, but my thoughts for you have never subsided one day. Over the years, I felt like an ostrich with my head buried in a sandbag,。thinking that I could forget all my troubles and missing。but I found that I was wrong, my troubles can be briefly forgotten, and the missing is beheaded in any case. Whenever it is quiet in the dead of night , I always think of all your dribs and drabs。 I always forget your gentle and considerate voice, your beauty, show off the wisdom. Whenever I think of these, I will feel that I am happy, the day's fatigue will also disappear. You have ever know every day after a busy day, with sweet miss sleep, what comfortable ah. Hello and beautiful!The last time I came to Hangzhou, in fact, you don't need to see me. Just want to talk to you, just want to tell you this. I said I wanted you to come to Hangzhou. It's actually a joke. Li and I said I had a girlfriend before. Later, he broke up. In fact, I just want to test your reaction, there was a mood and conditions to talk about? You asked Xiao to tell me that you have a boyfriend. If I don't think of it, it is false, no matter you have a boyfriend this matter is true or false。I will sincerely bless you! Have you really never felt anything about me? I am so stupid! What if you do so? Maybe this is good to you, good to me. Take good care of you! Just be me The years have been wishful thinking and sentimental. People always have to learn to grow up, feelings. Ha ha, so say up, it is as if you gave me a lesson oh? People laugh at me silly, maybe it is, perhaps the feelings really shouldn't see so heavy. Some time ago was originally wanted to make you happy。 (in fact, this is a friend of my search idea, ah... a wrong again wrong. )。 Really disrespect for you, sorry. Ah.... maybe this is a good ending, thank you. People laughed at me silly, maybe it was. Fool, but what? The day still goes on. Right, right? Haha.... Are you doing right now? Your one Are you sister and brother? How about the aunt? Or will you call it so? It feels like you are a bit like an aunt right now. Uncle's eyes are like you, so crazy! Mother and uncle is so happy! Ha ha! After writing these words, feel the mood really relaxed a lot。the original no worry alive is so easy, everything let go, with the encounter! Let everything with the wind! Finally sincerely wish you, wish you smooth work,。wish you find life really love you good partner, wish aunt smile, also wish your family happiness!
是谁第一个把英语翻译成中文的？（不知道请不要回答，谢谢）
第一个学习英语的人已经不可考．第一个学习外语的人也不可考。
原因是追溯到元或者以前,就有中国的商人去海外,逐渐的也就产生了移民。语言永远都只是工具,当你在国外呆久了你就会了当地的语言,而你的亲戚在中国,你自然而然就会用进行双语的翻译沟通,不可能象你那样说的有那么开始的一个人~~
但是如果是正规的话,我国最早的外语学校，是成立与清代同治元年（1862年）的“同文馆”。它培养出严复、汪凤藻等一批翻译人才，还编译了一些外语辞典和外语文法书籍。
第一是个懂汉语的人在英语环境中生活，从实践中领略英语的用词及用法，将英汉两者相通的单词进行互换，就成了翻译。那当然是个渐进的过程，由具体名词到抽象名词，由简单的日常用语到深奥复杂的思维。
第二种情况是个同时接触汉英两种语言的牙牙学语的小孩，他们能同时吸收这两种母语，到他们的语言表达能力成熟了，就可以自然的互译了。
这个问题估计无从考证 传说中 中国最早的翻译是 一种名叫“角端”的怪兽,此兽日行1万8千余里,走遍世界各方,通晓天下语言,明外方幽远之事,是最早的“同传译员”吧.呵呵
以下列出具体中国翻译发展史：
我国的翻译有着数千年的历史.打开这一翻译史册,我们可以看到翻译高潮迭起,翻译家难以计数,翻译理论博大精深.了解这一历史不仅有助于我们继承我们的先人的优秀文化遗产,而且也有助于我们今天更加深入认识和发展我们的翻译事业.简单说来,中国的翻译史大致可以分为以下几个阶段：一、汉代-秦符时期； 二、隋-唐-宋时期； 三、明清时期； 四、五四时期； 五、新中过成立至今.
一、汉代-秦符时期
中国的翻译活动可以追溯到春秋战国时代.当时的诸侯国家相互之间交往就出现了翻译,如楚国王子去越国时就求助过翻译.当然这种翻译还谈不上是语际翻译.中国真正称得上语际翻译的活动应该说是始于西汉的哀帝时期的佛经翻译.那时有个名叫伊存的人到中国来口传一些简单的佛经经句.到了东汉桓帝建和二年（公元一八四年）,佛经翻译就正式开始了.译者安世高是安息（即波斯）人,他翻译了《安般守意经》等三十多部佛经.后来月支人支娄迦谶（又叫娄迦谶）来到了中国,他翻译了十多部佛经.支娄迦谶译笔生硬,基本上是字对字、句对句地翻译,中国读者不易看懂.中国翻译界现在的直译和意译之争大概就是从这个时候开始的.支娄迦谶有个学生叫支亮,之亮有个弟子叫支谦.他们三人号称"三支",是当时翻译佛经非常有名的译者.与"三支"同时从事佛经翻译的还有竺法护.他也是月支人,是当时的佛经翻译名家,总共译了一百七十五部佛经,对佛经在中国的流传贡献不小.竺法护和"三支"一道被人称作月之派.不过,这一时期的佛经翻译活动还只是民间私人事业.
到了符秦时代,佛经翻译活动就组织有序了.当时主要的组织者是释道安.在他的主持下设置了译场,开始了大规模的佛经翻译.由于释道安本人不懂梵文,惟恐译文失真,因此他主张严格的词对词、句对句(word for word, line for line)的直译.当时的佛经《鞞婆沙》就是按此方法从梵文译成汉语的.为了把握好译文的质量,释道安在此期间请来了著名的翻译家天竺（即印度）人鸠摩罗什.鸠氏考证了以前的佛经翻译,批评了翻译的风格,检讨了翻译的方法.他主张意译,纠正了过去音译的弱点,提倡译者署名,以示负责.他翻译了三百多卷佛经文献,如《金刚经》、《法华经》、《十二门论》、《中观论》、《维摩经》等.其译文神情并茂、妙趣盎然,堪称当时的上乘之译作,至今仍被视为我国文学翻译的奠基石.到了南北朝时期,梁武帝特聘印度佛教学者真谛（Paramartha,499-569）到中国来翻译佛经.真谛在华期间共翻译了四十九部经书,其中尤以《摄大乘论》的翻译响誉华夏,对中国佛教思想影响较大.
二、隋-唐-宋时代
从隋代（公元五九0年）到唐代,这段时间是我国翻译事业高度发达时期.隋代历史较短,译者和译作都很少.比较有名的翻译家有释彦琮（俗姓李,赵郡柏人）.他是译经史上第一位中国僧人.一生翻译了佛经23部100余卷.彦琮在他撰写的《辨证论》中总结翻译经验,提出了作好佛经翻译的八项条件：1）诚心受法,志愿益人,不惮久时（诚心热爱佛法,立志帮助别人,不怕费时长久）；2）将践觉场,先牢戒足,不染讥恶（品行端正,忠实可信,不惹旁人讥疑）；3）荃晓三藏,义贯两乘,不苦暗滞（博览经典,通达义旨.不存在暗昧疑难的问题）；4）旁涉坟史,工缀典词,不过鲁拙（涉猎中国经史,兼擅文学,不要过于疏拙）；5）襟抱平恕.器量虚融,不好专执（度量宽和,虚心求益,不可武断固执）；6）耽于道术,淡于名利,不欲高炫（深爱道术,淡于名利,不想出风头）；7）要识梵言,乃闲正译,不坠彼学（精通梵文,熟悉正确的翻译方法,不失梵文所载的义理）；8）薄阅苍雅,粗谙篆隶.不昧此文（兼通中训诂之学,不使译本文字欠准确）.彦琮还说,"八者备矣,方是得人".这八条说的是译者的修养问题,至今仍有参考价值.在彦琮以后,出现了我国古代翻译界的巨星玄奘（俗称三藏法师）.他和上述鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称华夏三大翻译家.玄奘在唐太宗贞观二年（公元六二八年）从长安出发去印度取经,十七年后才回国.他带回佛经六百五十七部,主持了中国古代史上规模最大、组织最为健全的译场,在十九年间译出了七十五部佛经,共一三三五卷.玄奘不仅将梵文译成汉语,而且还将老子著作的一部分译成梵文,是第一个将汉语著作向外国人介绍的中国人.玄奘所主持的译场在组织方面更为健全.据《宋高僧传》记载,唐代的翻译职司多至11种：1）译主,为全场主脑,精通梵文,深广佛理.遇有疑难,能判断解决；2）证义,为译主的助手,凡已译的意义与梵文有和差殊,均由他和译主商讨；3）证文,或称证梵本,译主诵梵文时,由他注意原文有无讹误；4）度语,根据梵文文字音改记成汉字,又称书字；5）笔受,把录下来的梵文字音译成汉文；6）缀文,整理译文,使之符合汉语习惯；7）参译,既校勘原文是否有误,又用译文回证原文有无歧异；8）刊定,因中外文体不同,故每行每节须去其芜冗重复；9）润文,从修辞上对译文加以润饰；10）梵呗,译文完成后,用梵文读音的法子来念唱,看音调是否协调,便于僧侣诵读；11）监护大使,钦命大臣监阅译经.玄奘在翻译理论方面作出了自己的贡献.他根据自己的理解和翻译实践提出了"既须求真,又须喻俗"的翻译标准,意即"忠实""通顺",直到今天仍有指导意义.他还在翻译实践中创造性地运用了多种翻译技巧.据印度学者柏乐天和我国学者张建木的研究结果显示,玄奘运用了下列翻译技巧： 1）补充法（就是现在我们常说的增词法）；2）省略法（即我们现在常说的减词法）；3）变位法（即根据需要调整句序或词序）；4）分合法（大致与现在所说分译法和合译法相同）；5）译名假借法（即用另一种译名来改译常用的专门术语）；6）代词还原法（即把原来的代名词译成代名词所代的名词）.这些技巧对今天的翻译实践同样仍然具有十分重要的指导意义.与玄奘同时的还有失义难陀、义净、一行、不空等译者,也都译了许多佛经.唐末无人赴印度求经,佛经翻译事业逐渐衰微.
到了宋代,佛经翻译已远不如唐初的极盛时期.在北宋的乾德开宝年间,宋太祖曾派人西去求经,印度也派名僧东来华夏传法.宋太祖也曾在开封的太平兴国寺内兴修了译经院,专事佛经翻译.虽译场组织极其完备,译经种数几乎接近唐代,但质量却不如唐代.当时有名的僧侣译者主要有天息、法护等人.在翻译理论方面颇有贡献的要数赞宁（俗姓高,今浙江德清人）.他曾归纳了以往译经的各种情况,提出了解决翻译过程中各类矛盾的六种办法.这是对我国唐代翻译理论的继续和发展,是我国翻译论库中的宝贵财富.到了南宋,由于社会动荡等原因,佛经翻译已是寥寥无几,史书的记载中无一例翻译.在其后的元代,统治者曾下昭拔合恩巴、管主八等人翻译佛经,但译作只有十几部,翻译理论方面的探讨更是无从谈起.翻译事业基本处于停滞状态.
三、明清时代
在明代的二百多年历史中,佛经翻译呈现一片衰落的局面.佛经译者只有智光等一、二人,译了几部经书.但到了明代万历年间直至清朝"新学"时期,我国出现了以徐光启、林纾（琴南）、严复（又陵）等为代表的介绍西欧各国科学、文学、哲学的翻译家.明代徐光启和意大利人利马窦合作,翻译了欧几里得的《几何原理》、《测量法义》等书.清代的林纾（1852.11.8-1924.10.9）和他的合作者以口述笔记的方式翻译了一百八十四种西方文学作品,达一千万字以上.所译小说中最著名的有《巴黎茶花女遗事》（La Dame aux Camelias）、《黑奴呼天录》（Uncle Tom's Cabin）、《块肉余生述》（David Copperfield）、《王子复仇记》（Hamlet）等.林纾本人不懂外文,因而他的译作删减、遗漏、随意添加之处甚多.但是林纾的翻译对于中国读者了解西方文学作品起到了很大的作用.
严复（1954.1.18-1921.10.27）是我国清末新兴资产阶级的启蒙思想家.他从光绪二十四年到宣统三年（公元1898-1911）这三十年间翻译了不少西方政治经济学说,如赫胥黎（T.H. Huxley）的《天演论》（Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）、亚当·斯密（A.Smith）的《原富》（An Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations）、孟德斯鸠（C.L.S. Montesquieu）的《法意》(L'esprit des Lois)、斯宾塞尔（H.Spencer）的《群学肆言》（On Liberty）、甄克思（E.Jenks）的《社会通诠》（A History of Politics）等.严复每译一书,都有一定的目的和意义,常借西方著名资产阶级思想家的著作表达自己的思想.他译书往往加上许多按语,发挥自己的见解.严复"曾经查过汉晋六朝翻译佛经的方法"（鲁迅《二心集》）,在参照古代佛经翻译经验的基础上,结合自己的翻译实践,在《天演论》（公元一八九八年出版）卷首的《译例言》中提出著名的"信、达、雅"翻译标准.他说："译事三难：信、达、雅.求其信,已大难矣!顾信矣,不达,虽译,犹不译也,则达尚焉."有人因此认为严复偏重于"达",把"信"、"达"相互对立起来.事实上,严复曾紧接着解释道："至原文词理本深,难于共喻,则当前后引衬,以显其意,凡此经营,皆所以为达,为达即所以为信也."这说明严复并没有把"信"、"达"割裂开来,他主张的"信"是"意义不倍（背）本文","达"是不拘泥于原文形式,尽译文语言的能事以求原意明显,为"达"也是为"信",两者是统一的.但严复对"雅"的解释今天看来是不足取的.他的"雅"是指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅.他认为只有译文本身采用"汉以前字法句法"--实际上即所谓上等的文言文,才算登大雅之堂.严复自己在翻译实践中所遵循的也是"与其伤雅,毋宁失真",因而译文不但艰深难懂,又不忠实于原文,类似改编.有人说严复用一个"雅"字打消了"信"和"达",这个批评不是没有根据的.不过从积极的一面来看,严复重视译文文字润饰这一点却是值得我们注意的.尽管严复对"信、达、雅"翻译标准的解释因时代的限制而有一定的局限性,但许多年来,该标准始终没有被我国翻译界所废弃,原因在于：这三个字的提法简明扼要,又有层次主次突出；三者之中,信和达二者之中,信犹为重要.因此有些翻译工作者仍然沿用着三个字作为当今的翻译标准,但旧瓶装新瓶,已赋予新的内容和要求.例如,他们认为"雅"已不在是严复所指的"尔雅"和"用汉以前字法句法",而是指"保存原作的风格"问题.
另外值得一提的是：在严复出版《天演论》前数年,《马氏文通》的作者马建忠于公元一八九四年在他写的《拟投翻译书院议》中已发挥了他所认为的"善译"的见解.马建忠的"善译"标准包括三大要求：第一、译者先要对两种语言素有研究,熟知彼此的异同；第二、弄清原文的意义、精神和语气,把它传达出来；第三、译文和原文毫无出入,"译成之文,适如其所译".这些要求是很高的,都有一定的道理,但由于他本人专研究语法而没有搞翻译的工作,因此他对"善译"的见解,被后人忽略了.
四、五四时期
"五四"是我国近代翻译史的分水岭."五四"以前的最显著的表现是以严复、林纾等为代表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文学作品."五四"以后,我国翻译事业开创了一个新的历史时期,开始介绍马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学作品.《共产党宣言》的译文就发表在"五四"时期.这一时期的翻译工作在内容和形式上都起了很大变化.白话文代替了文言文.东西方各国优秀文学作品,特别是俄国和苏联的作品,开始由我国近代翻译史上卓越的先驱者鲁迅、瞿秋白等前辈介绍进来.鲁迅是翻译工作上理论与实践相结合的典型.他和瞿秋白两人关于翻译问题的通讯,为我们提供了一些应遵循的基本翻译原则.他译过许多俄国和苏联的优秀文学作品,如《毁灭》、《死魂灵》等.他和瞿秋白通过翻译实践,总结了许多宝贵的经验.鲁迅对翻译标准的主要观点是："凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保持着原文的风资."鲁迅竭力反对当时那种"牛头不对马嘴"、"削鼻剜眼"的胡译,乱译,他针对有人所谓"与其顺而不信"而提出了"宁信而不顺"这一原则.当然,鲁迅这条原则有"矫枉必须过正"的意味,但与借此作挡箭牌的"硬译"、"死译"实无共同之处.鲁迅主张直译,是为了照顾输入新表现法和保持原作的风貌,这于借直译作挡箭牌的"死译"也是丝毫无共同之处的.他们二人对待翻译工作的态度都十分严肃,至今仍是我们学习的榜样.
五、新中国成立至今
一九四九年,随着新中国的成立,翻译事业也得到了解放.从那时起,翻译工作在党的领导下,一直是社会主义新文化的一个重要组成部分,不断迅速发展,取得巨大成绩,在翻译理论方面也日益充实完善.这一时期的翻译工作有以下几个特点：
（一） 翻译工作者在党的领导下,有组织、有计划、有系统的进行工作,逐步取代了抢译、乱译和重复浪费的现象；
（二） 翻译作品质量大大提高,逐渐克服了粗枝大叶、不负责的风气；
（三） 翻译工作者为了更好地为社会主义建设服务,开展了批评于自我批评,逐渐消除了过去各种不良现象和无人过问的状况；
（四） 翻译工作者不仅肩负者外译汉的任务；
（五） 对翻译标准的认识日趋统一,有效的推动了我国的翻译工作.特别是在过去的二十年中,我国广大翻译工作者也积极响应党的号召,通过认真的辛勤的翻译劳动,介绍和交流先进科技知识、优秀文艺作品以及民族文化,为我国四个现代化和世界和平不断做出新的贡献.
其实身为译员,我自己觉得哪位祖先圣贤最早译出了英文并不重要,重要的是先辈已经给我们用辛勤和汗水留下了这份瑰宝,我们就要更好的去传承它,完善它,从而更好的利用它创造更大的价值.
个人的见解 希望能帮到您一点 祝开心
Work to live or live to work?
WORK TO LIVE OR LIVE TO WORK?
A Reflection by Victor Lana
Many years ago in my undergraduate sociology class the professor (his name now escapes me) asked the class, "Would you prefer to work to live or live to work?" As I recall now, this led to a vibrant discussion about priorities, what we saw ourselves doing in the future, and how well we wanted to live the life that we envisioned. "Live to work" obviously connotes that one goes happily off to the office each day, while "work to live" implies something more onerous.
I often think about that discussion as the years have passed, and I have even used that question rather frequently as a writing assignment in my freshman composition classes. During the prewriting phase, students usually spoke freely concerning their opinions in brainstorming sessions. Many argued vehemently with those on the opposite side, but by the time they got to the actual writing, most students seemed rather adamant that no job or boss was going to ruin their lives.
In the grand scheme of things for many Americans, "work" seems to take precedent over having a "life." The two terms are largely diametric concepts these days, especially after 9/11 when many people lost jobs. Now it seems just having a job to go to is fortunate; thus, no matter what the conditions, the status of being employed is much more desirable than its alternative.
I believe that most Americans work harder than they might want or need to. If one uses public transport as a means of getting to work (as I have done here in New York City), it is an opportunity to observe people in what are perhaps some of the worst moments of their workday: the daily commute. Surely, after the terrorist attacks in London on July 7, 2005, travel on rail or bus has changed for New Yorkers. People have always had fears since 9/11, but now there is an added burden. The heft of this heightened concern etched on their faces, New Yorkers move along on their way to work with remarkable resiliency, but many are afflicted by something more than their mode of travel, indicating the mounting rigors and stress in the American workplace.
Since 9/11 many companies have been trying to cut corners in order to balance the budget. I know a number of cases where workers have been told that they need to do more to retain their jobs. Do more usually implies taking additional responsibilities. In one particular case, the person was told, “Ms. X is retiring and Mr. Y is leaving for another job, so we expect you to take on their work load.” This was done with no increase in status or salary, and the person kept quiet, took on the additional work, and had to stay later on many days to finish his tasks. Of course, he is miserable because of it.
英语作文,.题目是Work to live or live to work! 帮忙啊...
Why do we work? The answers differ from one person to another because they adopt different attitudes towards work. Some people live to work. They devote themselves to their work. The aim for which they work is to realize the value of life, to promote the development of society and to make more people live happily. They make great contribution to society and at the same time they also find pleasure from their work.
On the contrary, other people work to live. They regard work as a way of making a living. The purpose for which they work is to kill time or to make enough money to support themselves and their families. They often consider work as what they have to do. So they can’t pick up pleasure and enjoyment from their work. Such people, once they can afford to support themselves and their families, perhaps quit their work.
In my opinion, we shouldn’t go to the extremes. Since we are members of society, we should do what we can to better it so that we can live in more comfortable and more convenient surroundings. Good life is an assurance of smooth work. Only when we realize this can we live happily and work well.
楼主请我吃饭= =!
