什么是一般法和特别法？
一般法指适用于一般的法律关系主体、通常的时间、国家管辖的所有地区的法律。如《刑法》、《合同法》等。特别法是对于特定的人群和事项，或者在特定的地区和时间内适用的法律。一般法与特别法是相对而言的。例如相对于《民法通则》，《婚姻法》《继承法》《著作权法》等法律就是特别法。特别法又可以称为特别规定，一般法也可以称为一般规定。扩展资料“一般法”的对称。指适用于特别的法律关系主体、特别时间、特别地区的法律。适用于全国的法律称一般法，仅适用于某一地区的法律称特别法，如《中华人民共和国澳门特别行政区驻军法》；对所有人都有效的法律称一般法，仅对部分人有效的法律称特别法，如《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》；对一般事项有效的法律称一般法，如民法，仅对特定事项有效的法律称特别法，如商标法。而对于合同法和公司法而言，都属于特别法。参考资料来源：百度百科-特别法参考资料来源：百度百科-一般法
戒严法的内涵关系
戒严法与宪法在专制制度之下，统治者以国家的名义恣意行使其绝对无限制的统治权，戒严也是专制统治者应对紧急事态的一种政治措施，自然无须由立法加以规范和限制。戒严法是立宪政治的产物，在立宪政治之下，国家的统治权力和人民的自由权利，受到宪法和法律的严格保障。即使在社会动荡时期，国家采取了戒严措施，意图适当改变权力和权利的分配模式，也应当恪守宪法和戒严法。所以当代国家，多将戒严事项明示或暗示地规定在宪法中。法国（1815年和1848年宪法）、波兰（1921年宪法）、日本（明治钦定宪法）、巴西（1946年宪法）、巴拿马（1946年宪法）、泰国（1949年宪法）、韩国（1948年宪法）及我国等，都是明示的规定。也有些国家是暗示的隐含，或者是将戒严规定在紧急命令权之内，比如德国（《魏玛宪法》）、法国（1958年宪法）、俄罗斯；或者是视戒严为战争权的必要属性，如美国。戒严意味着社会秩序的重新调整和主体利益的重新分配，戒严法可以称作是国家紧急时期的“小宪法”，它几乎波及社会生活的所有内容，但各国宪法中的戒严条款仅是原则规定，所以许多国家在宪法戒严条款的授权之下，进一步制定了戒严法。从宪政的角度来看，戒严法的实质是国家权力的扩大和公民权利的缩小，是一部重新确定主体利益界限的法律。而宪法的核心内容正是权力和权利，它对国家权力与公民权利作出了明确而严格的界定，其他任何普通法律都不能逾越宪法对此划定的界限，否则即为违宪，并导致自身的无效。那么，制定戒严法是否与宪法原则相矛盾呢？应当如何厘清二者的关系呢？首先，戒严法和宪法的立法宗旨是一致的。宪法是立国之根基，其意在“保证国内安宁，筹备公共防务，增进全民福利”（美国宪法序言）。在平时，国家没有内忧外患的侵扰，故而能够严格按照宪法的规定，谨慎使用政府权力，竭力保障公民权利。如果发生战乱，社会动荡，忧患交加，国家危如累卵，此时国家与公民成为“命运共同体”，“皮之不存，毛将焉附”？“倾巢之下，安有完卵”？所以在战时，国家至上，国权第一，必须赋予政府更大的权限，允许政府采取必要的戒严措施，限制公民的一些自由，或者牺牲公民的某些权利，才能应付紧急战乱，确保国家的独立和主权的完整，进而才谈得上保障民权。“平时神圣的权利，在战时不惟应该，而且必须让路给保卫国家的最高权利”。 国权与民权二者相辅相成，并行不悖，平时以保障民权来巩固国权，战时则以巩固国权来保障民权。表面上戒严法限制了民权，但它的最终目的还是保障和发展民权，这与宪法的立法宗旨是一致的。其次，戒严法是宪法的下位法，不能违背宪法的基本原则，甚至废弃、改变或者停止宪法。宪法是所有法律规范的母法，任何法律都不能对宪法作出稍许改动，这是宪政的基本原则。即便是对于戒严法，它对民权的限制和国家权力的扩张也不是绝对的，而是相对的。尽管宪法允许它对平时的宪政秩序加以调整，但也必须限定在严格的范围和程序之内，比如许多国家的宪法严格规定了戒严的宣告机关、宣告程序、宣告效果、戒严时间不得修改宪法（巴西1946年新宪法第217条附5项）、戒严措施不得触动国体和政体等国家基本制度等等。之所以这样规定，是因为戒严是国家在危急时期的无奈之举，“不论在任何时候与任何环境下，宪法都是保护各阶层人民的屏障。人民智慧所发现最有毒害的学说，莫过于主张政府，可在危机时，停止宪法中重要条文之适用”。 如果在紧急状况下以戒严法替代了宪法，那么扩张的国家权力将无所限制，势必走上专制独裁的道路。防止这种情况发生的办法就是要求戒严法在任何情况下都必须遵守宪法。再次，戒严法对社会主体利益的重新分配是基于宪法的授权，并非违宪。戒严法通常规定，戒严期间限制或者取缔有碍国家安全和军事行动的言论、出版、集会、结社、游行请愿、自由通信的行为，甚至限制公民的人身自由权、工作权、教育权、自由贸易权、财产权等等；相反政府有权采取一些强力措施管制公民的权利和自由，行使一些和平时期不可能享有的权力。戒严法的这些规定对社会主体的权利义务作了重新分配，关乎宪政体制的重大调整，表面上看是对宪法内容的改动，但这并不属于违宪，原因在于宪法允许在国家危急形势下，由戒严法对宪法内容作出一定程度的改动。宪法之所以这样规定，其实也是权宜之计，最终目的还在于使国家尽快摆脱混乱，早日恢复宪政秩序。所以在维护宪政这一点上，戒严法与宪法是一致的，区别仅在于发挥作用的时间和采取的方法不同。然而也有许多人认为，戒严法属于紧急自卫的法律，必要时可以根据情势采取一切措施，甚至不必受制于宪法。美国的开国元勋、第三任总统托马斯.杰弗逊在平时最反对破坏宪法的事情，但在非常时期却宁愿看到宪法的限制被停止，他曾说：法律上有句格言，“刀剑之下，法律沉默” （Amidst Arms the Laws are Silent），若处于日有强敌来袭之情势中，自保为最高的法则。我宁看到掩护叛贼之法律形式被取消，而使善良的人民得到安全。假使我们用法律的手铐自缚己手，我们还能得到胜利吗？当法律变成自保的障碍时，将不免求助于戒严。 这种出于“公共安全”和“紧急需要”的考虑而认为可以无视宪法的观点是及其错误的，宪法是宪政国家行宪的源泉，制定和实施戒严法也是在行宪、护宪，没有宪法也就没有了戒严法存在的合法基础，没有了宪法就没有了国家存在的合法基础。如果国家存在的合法性尚有置疑，戒严又有什么意义呢？再者，“紧急需要”与“公共安全”，都是含义概括的词语，极富弹性，如果可以因为这些理由而停止宪法，那么一些有野心的当权者，将随时会以“紧急需要”或“公共安全”为借口，而停止宪法的施行，达到他专制的目的，这样宪法将失去其稳定性和严肃性，社会动荡由此而生。那么如何才能既维护宪法，又不被宪法象手铐一样“自缚己手”呢？有学者提出了“最大急需与最小损害”（The most urgent need with the least damage.）的原则，即“不承认戒严法的实施，可以彰明较著的停止宪法，但因为‘最大急需与最小损害’，而可采取机动的解释，使宪法上之限制条款（Restrictive Clauses）缩至最小限度，及使宪法上之弹性条款（Elastic Clauses）扩至最大范围。不必斤斤于宪法文字的解释及形式的限制，而应注重‘正当条理’及‘宪法精神’”。 这个办法既维护了宪法的尊严，也考虑到实际需要，不失为一个有益的选择。戒严法与非常时期的法律非常时期是指国家处于对外战争、内部叛乱、天灾瘟疫或者财政经济危机的时期，凡是国家为抵御外侮、保卫领土、捍卫主权、恢复社会秩序而制定的并施用于非常时期的法律，均可称为“非常时期法律”。与平时法律相比，非常时期法律具有以下三个特点：1、 施行的限时性。即此类法律的施行，仅限于非常时期，非常时期一旦结束，即失去施行效力。比如戒严法的施行效力始于戒严令发布之时，终于解严令发布之时；动员法的施行仅限于动员令下达后，复员令下达前的特定时期。2、 效力的附条件性。此类法律一经制定颁布，即已具备法律效力，但与普通法律的区别在于，未经法定程序宣告，它还不能生效或者失效，也就是说，非常时期的法律是一种附生效条件和失效条件的法律。3、 权力的扩张性。非常时期法律往往赋予行政机关、军事机关较平时大得多的权力，比如授予行政机关更大的委任立法权和行政司法权，扩大军事法院的审判管辖权等等。为了应对紧急情况，大多数国家都制定了完备的非常时期法律，比如，英国的1914年《国土防卫法》、1920年《紧急权力法》、1920年《爱尔兰秩序恢复法》、1939年《紧急权力防卫法》和《国民登记法》等，法国在两次世界大战中颁布的《授权法》、美国的1940年《促进国防建筑法》和《国防军动员法》、1941年《战时征用财产法》、1942年《紧急时期物价管制法》、1943年《战时劳动争议法》等。戒严法施行于国家动乱之时，当然属于非常时期的法律。如前所述，英美法系没有戒严法典，而将有关戒严事项规定于其他非常时期法律之中，届时援引其他非常时期法律实施戒严，当依非常时期法律采取的戒严措施与平时法律的规定相抵触时，将以非常时期法律为准，这体现了立法者“紧急情况下，国家利益优先”的立法思想和特别法优于普通法的法律适用原则。但在欧陆国家，多将戒严法法典化，危急情况之下，有权机关严格依据戒严法典发布戒严令、采取戒严措施，而不必参照其他非常时期的法律，与英美法系相比，其戒严制度更加严谨、规范，更具有操作性。国家动员法可以说是非常时期法律体系中最为重要的法律，“动员者，谓国家于战事发生或行将发生时，由政府下达动员令，将全国一切人的物的资源，及全部有形无形的潜力，加以严密的组织与合理的统制，并将国家平时之态势，转为战时态势，使能充分发挥战力，俾克敌制胜，而确保国家民族之生存也”。 狭义上的国家动员法是指专门的国家动员法典，广义上的国家动员法的包含宪法、法律、法规规章三个层次，宪法中往往规定有国家动员条款，例如我国宪法第六十七条规定，全国人大常委会有权“决定全国总动员或者局部动员”，宪法动员条款是制定国家动员法律的权力来源，至于国家动员方面的法律基本上包括国家动员法、军事征用法、防空法、戒严法等等。由此可见，戒严是国家动员的手段之一，戒严法属于广义上国家动员法的一个部分。戒严法与平时法律平时法律是国家维护正常宪政秩序的法律，一旦社会陷入混乱，宪政面临危机，主权和独立遭到破坏，权力机关就可能施用非常法律，采取非常措施，比如“在重要地区、部门增设警卫、加强巡逻；强化治安手段，比如对人员、车辆、船只的通行、飞机的航行、新闻与通讯等施加限制或管制，组织搜查；对暴力行动进行镇压等”。英美国家没有戒严法典，其戒严法散见于宪法、其他非常时期法律以及临时发布的各种戒严法令之中，“系普通法律失败时，而采用之粗糙代用品”，即普通法律失去了赖以施行的社会基础，不足以应付战乱危机，暂时由戒严法部分或者全部取而代之，等到解严之后，再重新恢复其法律效力。所以英美在实行戒严时，如果平时法律与戒严法发生抵触，则以后者为准。欧陆国家的戒严法典明确规定了戒严的实施条件、发布机关、发布程序和戒严机关的权限等内容，在戒严权限范围内的事务，不受平常法律的约束。法典化传统使得欧陆国家的戒严法与平时法律之间的效力范围相对明确，所以一般不会发生法律冲突。假如对同一事项，平时法律与戒严法都有规定，那么按照特别法优于普通法的规则，适用戒严法；如果某些事项戒严法没有规定，而平时法律有所规定，则应依照平时法律。宣布戒严后，一些平时法律可以继续适用，但是有些条款会因形势发生变化，比如扩大适用对象的范围、加强对违法行为的处罚程度、改变案件的管辖等等，这种现象可以理解为平时法律的“戒严法化”。无论是英美还是欧陆国家，都力图协调戒严法与平时法律的关系，使两者相符相成，共同为宪政服务。
英语中不规则名词变复数的单词
英语不规则名词复数表一、 分类1. 以f或fe结尾：大多数以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式时将其转为ves，但个别直接加s：* roof → roofs 屋顶* gulf → gulfs 海湾* grief → griefs 悲伤, 悲痛, 担心* cliff → cliffs 悬崖, 峭壁* beef → beefs 牛肉* chief → chiefs 首长, 首领* proof → proofs 证明* staff → staffs 全体职员2. 元音：有些名称的复数形式是改变它们的元音声：* -man → -men 男……* -woman → -women 女……* fireman → firemen 消防员* foot → feet 脚* goose → geese 鹅* tooth → teeth 牙齿* mouse → mice 老鼠* louse → lice 虱子3. 古代英语：有些是沿用古代英语：* child → children 小孩, 儿童* ox → oxen 牛, 阉牛4. 以o结尾：? 有的以o结尾的单词加“s”：* auto → autos [美口] 汽车* kangaroo → kangaroos 袋鼠* kilo → kilos 千克, 公斤* memo → memos [口] 备忘录* photo → photos 照片* piano → pianos 钢琴* pimento → pimentos 多香果* pro → pros 赞成意见* con → cons 反对意见* solo → solos, soli 独唱, 独奏* soprano → sopranos 女高音* studio → studios 工作室* tattoo → tattoos 文身* video → videos 视频* zoo → zoos 动物园* bamboo → bamboos 竹子? 有的则加“es”：* echo → echoes 回声, 反响* embargo → embargoes 禁运, 禁运令* hero → heroes 英雄* potato → potatoes 土豆* tomato → tomatoes 番茄* torpedo → torpedoes 鱼雷, 水雷* veto → vetoes 否决, 否决权* negro → negroes 黑人? 有的两种都可以：* buffalo → buffalos / buffaloes / buffalo 水牛* cargo → cargos / cargoes (船/飞机的)货物* halo → halos / haloes 光环* mosquito → mosquitos / mosquitoes 蚊子* motto → mottos / mottoes 箴言, 格言* no → nos / noes 没有* tornado → tornados / tornadoes 龙卷风* volcano → volcanos / volcanoes 火山* zero → zeros / zeroes 零* commando → commands / commandoes突击员5. 不变：有的则不变：* cod → cod 鳕鱼* deer → deer 鹿* fish → fish 鱼, 鱼类* offspring → offspring 子孙, 后裔, 幼崽* perch → perch 鲈鱼* sheep → sheep 绵羊* trout → trou 鲑鱼* bison → bison 野牛* moose → moose 驼鹿* aircraft → aircraft 飞机, 飞行器* barracks → barracks 兵营* crossroads → crossroads 十字路口* dice → dice 骰子* gallows → gallows 绞刑架* headquarters → headquarters 总部* means → means 方法, 手段, 途径* series → series 系列* species → species 物种6. 借用单词：英语中有些单词是借用其他语言的。部分借用单词的复数跟随外语形式，下面每行的第二个单词都是外语形式，第三个为现时英语使用：? 以“a”结尾的转为“ae”：* alga → algae 水藻* amoeba → amoebae, amoebas变形虫* antenna → antennae, antennas 触角,天线* formula → formulae, formulas 公式* larva → larvae (昆虫的)幼虫* nebula → nebulae, nebulas 星云* vertebra → vertebrae, vertebras 脊椎骨* alumna → alumnae 女校友? 以“u”结尾的转为“ux”：* beau → beaux, beaus 情郎, 纨绔子弟* bureau → bureaux, bureaus 局, 机构* tableau → tableaux, tableaus 舞台造型, 场景* plateau → plateaux, plateaus 高原, 平顶? 以“us”结尾的转为“-ora”、“-era”（适用于专业术语）：* corpus → corpora 资料, 文集, 文献* genus → genera (动植物的)属, 类? 以“us”结尾的转为“i”：* alumnus → alumni 校友* bacillus → bacilli 杆菌* cactus → cacti, cactuses 仙人球,仙人掌* focus → foci 焦点* fungus → fungi, funguses 真菌* nucleus → nuclei 核心, 原子核* octopus → octopi, octopuses 章鱼* radius → radii, radiuses 半径* stimulus → stimuli 刺激物, 促进因素* syllabus → syllabi, syllabuses 大纲, 提纲* terminus → termini 终点, 目标, 界碑* hippopotamus→ hippopotami 河马* genius → genii, geniuses 天才* abacus → abaci, abacuses 算盘? 以“um”结尾的转为“a”：* addendum → addenda 附录, 补遗* bacterium → bacteria 细菌* curriculum → curricula, curriculums 总课程* datum → data 数据* erratum → errata 写错, 排错, 勘误* medium → media 媒体* memorandum → memoranda, memorandums 备忘* ovum → ova 卵子, 卵细胞* stratum → strata, stratums 岩层, 地层, 阶层* symposium → symposia, symposiums座谈会* agendum → agenda 议程* vacuum → vacua, vacuums 真空, 空虚, 空白* gymnasium → gymnasia 健身房, 体育馆* stadium → stadia, stadiums 体育场* forum → for a, forums 论坛* minimum → minima 最小量* ultimatum → ultimata, ultimatums 最后通牒? 以“ex”或“ix”结尾的转为“ices”：* apex → apices, apexes 顶点* appendix → appendices, appendixes 附录* cervix → cervices, cervixes 宫颈* index → indices, indexes 目录, 索引* matrix → matrices, matrixes 模型, 矩阵* vortex → vortices, vortexes 漩涡? 以“is”结尾的转为“es”：* analysis → analyses 分析, 解析, 纲领* axis → axes 轴线, 中心线* basis → bases 基础, 底座, 基点* crisis → crises 危机, 危机时刻* diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断法, 诊断结论* emphasis → emphases 强调, 重点* hypothesis → hypotheses 假设, 猜想* neurosis → neuroses 神经机能病/官能症* oasis → oases 绿洲, 乐土* parenthesis → parentheses 插入语, 圆括号* synopsis → synopses 摘要, 大纲* thesis → theses 论文, 论题, 论点* ellipsis → ellipses [语]省略* synthesis → syntheses 综合, 合成? 以“on”结尾的转为“a”：* criterion → criteria (批评/判断的)标准* phenomenon → phenomena 现象, 征兆* automaton → automata 机器人, 机械手? 英语中沿用其他语言的规则：? 意大利语：“o”转为“i”* libretto → libretti (歌剧等的)剧本* tempo → tempi 拍子, 节奏, 速度* virtuoso → virtuosi, virtuosos 艺术家* concerto → concerti 协奏曲? 希伯来语：加“im”* cherub → cherubim 小天使* seraph → seraphim 六翼天使? 希腊语：加“ta”* schema → schemata 概要, 计划, 图表* stigma → stigmata 耻辱的标记, 瑕疵二、 不规则名词复数列表（前面提到的除外）A * abacus → abaci, abacuses 算盘* addendum → addenda 附录, 补遗* agendum → agenda 议程* aircraft → aircraft 飞机, 飞行器* alga → algae 水藻* alumna → alumnae [美]女校友* alumnus → alumni 校友* analysis → analyses 分析, 解析, 纲领* antenna → antennas, antennae 天线, 触角* apex → apices, apexes 顶点* appendix → appendices, appendixes 附录* automaton → automata 机器人, 机械手* axis → axes 轴线, 中心线B * bacillus → bacilli 杆菌* bacterium → bacteria 细菌* basis → bases 基础, 底座, 基点* beau → beaux, beaus 情郎, 纨绔子弟* beef → beefs 牛肉* bison → bison 野牛* brace → brace 支架, 背带, 花括号* sister-in-law → sisters-in-law 大小姨子, 大小姑子* buffalo → buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo 水牛* bureau → bureaux, bureaus 局, 机构* bus → busses, buses 公共汽车C * cactus → cactuses, cacti 仙人球, 仙人掌* calf → calves 牛犊* cargo → cargos / cargoes (船/飞机的)货物* cervix → cervices, cervixes 宫颈* cherub → cherubim 小天使* chief → chiefs 首长, 首领* child → children 儿童, 小孩* Chinese → Chinese 中国* cliff → cliffs 悬崖, 峭壁* cod → cod * 鳕鱼* corps → corps 军队, 特种部队* corpus → corpora, corpuses 资料,文集,文献* crisis → crises 危机, 危机时刻* criterion → criteria (批评/判断的)标准* curriculum → curricula, curriculums 总课程D * datum → data 数据* deer → deer 鹿* dice → dice 骰子* dwarf → dwarfs, dwarves 小矮人* diagnosis → diagnoses 诊断法, 诊断结论E * echo → echoes 回声, 反响* elf → elves 小精灵* ellipsis → ellipses [语]省略* embargo → embargoes 禁运, 禁运令* emphasis → emphases 强调, 重点* erratum → errata 写错, 排错, 勘误F * fireman → firemen 消防员* fish → fish, fishes 鱼, 鱼类* focus → focuses 焦点* foot → feet 脚* formula → formulae, formulas 公式, 方程式* forum → for a, forums 论坛* fungus → fungi, funguses 真菌G * genus → genera (动植物的)属, 类* goose → geese 鹅* gallows → gallows 绞刑架* genius → genii, geniuses 天才* goosefoot → goosefoots 藜* grief → griefs 悲伤, 悲痛, 担心* gulf → gulfs 海湾* gymnasium → gymnasia 健身房, 体育馆H * half → halves 一半* halo → halos, haloes 光环* headquarters → headquarters 总部* hero → heroes 英雄* hippopotamus→hippopotami, hippopotamuses 河马* hoof → hoofs, hooves 蹄* hypothesis → hypotheses 假说, 猜想I * index → indices, indexes 目录, 索引K * knife → knives 小刀L * larva → larvae (昆虫的)幼虫* leaf → leaves 树叶* libretto → libretti (歌剧等的)剧本* life → lives 生命* loaf → loaves 一块, 一条(面包等)* louse → lice 虱子* looker-on → lookers-on 围观者M * -man → -men 男人* man doctor → men doctors 男医生* manservant → menservants 男仆* man-time → men-times 人次* man-day → man-days 人日* matrix → matrices, matrixes 模型, 矩阵* means → means 方法, 手段, 途径* medium → media 媒质, 媒介* memorandum → memoranda, memorandums 备忘* millennium → millenniums, milennia* moose → moose 驼鹿* mosquito → mosquitoes, mosquitos 蚊子* mouse → mice 老鼠N * nebula → nebulae, nebulas 星云* neurosis → neuroses 神经机能病/官能症* no → nos / noes 没有* nucleus → nuclei 核心, 原子核O * oasis → oases 绿洲, 乐土* octopus → octopi, octopuses 章鱼* offspring → offspring 子孙, 后裔, 幼崽* optimum → optima 有利条件* ovum → ova 卵子, 卵细胞* ox → oxen 牛, 阉牛P * paralysis → paralyses 麻痹, 瘫痪, 中风* parenthesis → parentheses 插入语, 圆括号* penny → pence 便士* perch → perch * 鲈鱼* person → people 人* phenomenon → phenomena 现象, 征兆R * radius → radii, radiuses 半径S * scarf → scarfs, scarves 围巾, 披肩* schema → schemata 概要, 计划, 图表* seed → seed, seeds 种子* self → selves 自己* seraph → seraphim 六翼天使* series → series 系列* sheaf sheaves [量] 捆, 束, 扎* sheep → sheep 绵羊* shelf → shelves 架子, 搁板* shrimp → shrimp 虾, 小虾* scissors → scissors 剪刀* species → species 物种* stadium → stadia, stadiums 体育场* still life → still lifes 静物画* stimulus → stimuli 刺激物, 促进因素* stratum → strata, stratums 岩层, 地层, 阶层* Swiss → Swiss 瑞士人* syllabus → syllabi, syllabuses 大纲, 提纲* symposium → symposia, symposiums 座谈会* synthesis → syntheses 综合, 合成* synopsis → synopses 摘要, 大纲T * tableau → tableaux, tableaus 舞台造型, 场景* tempo → tempi 拍子, 节奏, 速度* terminus → termini 终点, 目标, 界碑* that → those 那个* thesis → theses 论文, 论题, 论点* thief → thieves 贼, 小偷* this → these 这个* tooth → teeth 牙齿* tornado tornados, tornadoes 龙卷风* torpedo → torpedoes 鱼雷, 水雷
英语不规则单词复数有哪些
你指的应该是名词吧
名词的不规则复数形式就是指名词单复数同形或者是只存在复数形式
比如说：water,gas,meat就是单复数同形
people,group就是复数名词，没有单数形式
还有一种是在某中情况下是可数名词有复数形式，在另一种情况下是不的数名词无复数形式
比如说：family在指家庭整体的时候就是不可数名词，没有复数形式。而在指家庭成员的时候就是可数名词，复数形式就是families
英语介绍菲律宾
Geography
The Philippine Islands are an archipelago of over 7,000 islands lying about 500 mi (805 km) off the southeast coast of Asia. The overall land area is comparable to that of Arizona. Only about 7% of the islands are larger than one square mile, and only one-third have names. The largest are Luzon in the north (40,420 sq mi; 104,687 sq km), Mindanao in the south (36,537 sq mi; 94,631 sq km), and Samar (5,124 sq mi; 13,271 sq km). The islands are of volcanic origin, with the larger ones crossed by mountain ranges. The highest peak is Mount Apo (9,690 ft; 2,954 m) on Mindanao.
Government
Republic.
History
The Philippines' aboriginal inhabitants arrived from the Asian mainland around 25,000 B.C. They were followed by waves of Indonesian and Malayan settlers from 3,000 B.C. onward. By the 14th century A.D., extensive trade was being conducted with India, Indonesia, China, and Japan.
Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, explored the Philippines in 1521. Twenty-one years later, a Spanish exploration party named the group of islands in honor of Prince Philip, who was later to become Philip II of Spain. Spain retained possession of the islands for the next 350 years.
The Philippines were ceded to the U.S. in 1899 by the Treaty of Paris after the Spanish-American War. Meanwhile, the Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, had declared their independence. They initiated guerrilla warfare against U.S. troops that persisted until the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901. By 1902, peace was established except among the Islamic Moros on the southern island of Mindanao.
The first U.S. civilian governor-general was William Howard Taft (1901–1904). The Jones Law (1916) provided for the establishment of a Philippine legislature composed of an elective Senate and House of Representatives. The Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) provided for a transitional period until 1946, at which time the Philippines would become completely independent. Under a constitution approved by the people of the Philippines in 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines came into being with Manuel Quezon y Molina as president.
On Dec. 8, 1941, the islands were invaded by Japanese troops. Following the fall of Gen. Douglas MacArthur's forces at Bataan and Corregidor, Quezon established a government-in-exile that he headed until his death in 1944. He was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osmeña. U.S. forces under MacArthur reinvaded the Philippines in Oct. 1944 and, after the liberation of Manila in Feb. 1945, Osmeña reestablished the government.
The Philippines achieved full independence on July 4, 1946. Manuel A. Roxas y Acuña was elected its first president, succeeded by Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953), Ramón Magsaysay (1953–1957), Carlos P. García (1957–1961), Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965), and Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965–1986).
Under Marcos, civil unrest broke out in opposition to the leader's despotic rule. Martial law was declared on Sept. 21, 1972, and Marcos proclaimed a new constitution that ensconced himself as president. Martial law was officially lifted on Jan. 17, 1981, but Marcos and his wife, Imelda, retained broad powers.
In an attempt to resecure American support, Marcos set presidential elections for Feb. 7, 1986. With the support of the Catholic Church, Corazon Aquino declared her candidacy. Marcos was declared the official winner, but independent observers reported widespread election fraud and vote rigging. Anti-Marcos protests exploded in Manila, Defense Minister Juan Enrile and Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos defected to the opposition, and Marcos lost virtually all support; he was forced to flee into exile and entered the U.S. on Feb. 25, 1986.
The Aquino government survived coup attempts by Marcos supporters and other right-wing elements, including one in November by Enrile. Legislative elections on May 11, 1987, gave pro-Aquino candidates a large majority. Negotiations on renewal of leases for U.S. military bases threatened to sour relations between the two countries. Volcanic eruptions from Mount Pinatubo, however, severely damaged Clark Air Base, and in July 1991, the U.S. decided simply to abandon it.
In elections in May 1992, Gen. Fidel Ramos, who had the support of the outgoing Aquino, won the presidency in a seven-way race. In Sept. 1992, the U.S. Navy turned over the Subic Bay naval base to the Philippines, ending its long-standing U.S. military presence.
Meanwhile, the separatist Moro National Liberation Front was fighting a protracted war for an Islamic homeland on Mindanao, the southernmost of the two main islands. The Philippine army also battled another rebel group, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. In Aug. 2001, both rebel groups signed unity agreements with the Philippine government. Frequent and violent clashes with these and other terrorist groups have continued, however. Abu Sayyaf, a small group of guerrillas that has been fighting since the 1970s for an independent Islamic state and reportedly has links to Osama bin Laden, gained international notoriety throughout 2000 and 2001 with its spree of kidnappings and murders. The Philippine military has also battled the New People's Army, a group of Communist guerrillas that have targeted Philippine security forces since 1969. International officials reported in June 2003 that Jemaah Islamiyah, an affiliate of al-Qaeda, was training recruits in Mindanao, in the southern Philippines. About 120,000 people have died in the conflicts with rebel groups, and more than 3 million have been displaced.
In May 1998, 61-year-old former action film star Joseph Estrada was elected president of the Philippines. Within two years, however, the Philippine Senate began to impeach Estrada on corruption charges. Massive street demonstrations and the loss of political support eventually forced Estrada from office. Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, daughter of former president Diosdado Macapagal, became president in Jan. 2001.
In July 2003, dozens of mutinous soldiers took over a Manila shopping complex, protesting low pay and demanding the resignation of President Arroyo and the defense secretary. The demonstration ended peacefully.
In May 2004 elections, President Arroyo narrowly defeated film star Fernando Poe. Poe alleged voter fraud and warned of a revolt by his supporters.
Police killed three top members of Abu Sayyaf while quelling a March 2005 prison uprising in Manila. In all, 22 people, including 20 prisoners and two guards, died in the violence.
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo faced a political crisis in the summer of 2005, after admitting to calling an election official during 2004's presidential race. A taped phone conversation between Arroyo and the official seemed to suggest that she had tried to use her power to influence the outcome. Several members of her cabinet quit and joined the opposition and tens of thousands of protesters in calling for her resignation. In a televised address, Arroyo apologized for the “lapse of judgement” and said, “my intent was not to influence the outcome of the election and it did not.” The opposition filed an impeachment motion in July. In addition, Arroyo's husband, who had been accused of taking bribes from a gambling syndicate, said in July that he was moving abroad indefinitely.
A mudslide in February leveled the town of Guinsaugon and killed about 1,800 of its 1,857 residents.
Arroyo declared a state of emergency in February, saying the government had foiled an attempted coup by the military. She also banned rallies commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos. Some observers, however, dismissed the report of the coup attempt as political maneuvering to gain support and weaken the opposition
求200左右英文单词介绍菲律宾的一个城市 谢谢
马尼拉，是菲律宾的首都城市和最大的港口，位于菲律宾最大的岛屿－吕宋岛马尼拉湾的东岸，也称“小吕宋”，濒临天然的优良港湾——马尼拉湾。马尼拉建在巴石河两岸。马尼拉之名源于一种生长着白艳花朵的湿地树（Maynilad），许多观赏过的人们都以“那些白色的花开着，便像一双双亮晶晶的眼睛”形容它。为菲律宾最大的经济、文化、交通中心；目前有现代化的工业、商业和金融业。菲律宾全国1/3 的工业集中于此马尼拉是一个传统与现代集合的都会，是亚洲最欧化的城市，是亚洲最大繁华的城市之一，被称之为“亚洲的纽约”。而现今的马尼拉更被评为国际化大都市。1976年11月，菲律宾政府决定把马尼拉、奎松、卡洛奥坎、帕萨伊4个市和玛卡蒂等13个区合并，组成大马尼拉市。发展署主席为最高行政首脑，由总统亲自任命，领导由17个市、镇长等人员组成的大马尼拉理事会。这里有现代化的城区，也有古老的街道教堂；这里体现着悠久的东方传统，又汇合了西班牙、美国的西方文明。马尼拉（Manila）是菲律宾共和国的首都，也是全国最大的港口城市。它地处菲律宾群岛中最大的岛屿--吕宋岛西岸，也称“小吕宋”，濒临天然的优良港湾--马尼拉湾。马尼拉建在巴石河两岸。河流把城市分成两大部分，14个区中的7个区在巴石河北岸，6个区在南岸，一个区被分成两部分，河上的6座桥梁把城市南北两部分连结起来。1976年11月，菲律宾政府决定把马尼拉、奎松、卡洛奥坎、帕萨伊4个市和玛卡蒂等13个区合并，组成大马尼拉市，面积达626．58平方公里，人口约800万，是亚洲最大的城市之一，被称之为“亚洲的纽约”。而现今的马尼拉更被评为世界级城市。马尼拉是一座具有悠久历史的城市。它在印度文明，中国文明及中亚古文明的基础上，融合西班牙，美国的西洋文明，形成东西合璧的文化。1571年，西班牙殖民者黎盖斯比从马尼拉登陆，入侵并占领了菲律宾，然后在马尼拉市中心，巴石河南岸建立了城堡和炮台。自那时起，这里便成了西班牙殖民统治当局的首府。1898年，美国人打进马尼拉，取代了西班牙对菲律宾的统治，随后又征服了附近的尼格罗族，把四周的乡镇和地区并入马尼拉，使马尼拉逐渐扩大。1901年7月31日，马尼拉被辟为菲律宾的特别城市，成了美国统治菲律宾的基地。从此，巴石河北岸的商业区内，大银行、大公司、大饭店等高楼大厦拔地而起，1942年，日本取代了美国在菲律宾的位置。第二次世界大战中，马尼拉遭到严重破坏，城堡要塞周围的建筑物全部被炮火摧毁。1946年7月4日，菲律宾正式独立，将马尼拉定为首都。今天的马尼拉，是一座市容整洁的热带花园城市，也是一座国际性的商埠。 Manila, is the capital city of Philippines and the largest port in the east coast of Philippines, located in the largest island Lv Song island in Manila Bay, also known as "little Lv Song", is on the verge of excellent natural harbor -- Manila bay. Manila built in the Pasig river.Manila the name derived from a growth of wetland tree white colourful flowers (Maynilad), many people had to watch "the white flowered, both would like a shiny eyes" to describe it. As the biggest economic, cultural, transportation center of Philippines; there are modern industrial, commercial and financial industry.Philippines's 1/3 industry in the Manila is a traditional and modern collection will, is Asia's most westernized City, is one of Asia's largest city, known as the "New York of asia". Nowadays, Manila was named the international metropolis.In 1976 November, the Philippines government decided to merge the Manila, Quezon, Carlo Okan, Pasay City of 4 and Makati 13, Metro Manila composed. Development agency is the highest executive chairman, appointed by the president, led by the 17 city mayor and other staff, Metro Manila board. Here is a modern city, is an ancient Street Church; this embodies Oriental tradition, and the convergence of Spain, American western civilization.Manila (Manila) is the capital of the Republic of Philippines, is the country's largest port city. It is located in the island of Lv Song island's largest islands of Philippines, also known as "little Lv Song", is on the verge of excellent natural harbor, Manila bay. Manila built in the Pasig river. The river divides the city into two parts, the 14 districts in 7 districts in the Pasig river north, 6 districts in the south, an area is divided into two parts, 6 bridges on the river to link the two parts of the city north and south. In 1976 November, the Philippines government decided to merge the Manila, Quezon, Carlo Okan, Pasay City of 4 and Makati 13, Metro Manila composed, covering an area of 626.58 square kilometers, a population of about 8000000, is one of Asia's largest city, known as the "New York of asia". Nowadays, Manila was named the world class city.Manila is a city with a long history. It is in India civilization, civilization and the ancient civilizations in Central Asia Chinese based on fusion American, Spain, Western civilization, the formation of East meets West culture. In 1571, Spanish colonists Leigh Gass Be from Manila landed, invaded and occupied the Philippines, and then in the centre of Manila, the Pasig River built castles and forts. Since then, it became the capital of Spanish colonial rule.In 1898, Americans scored Manila, Philippines to replace the rule of Spain, later conquered nearby Negro family, the surrounding towns and regions into Manila, the Manila gradually expanding. In July 31, 1901, Manila was regarded as a special city in Philippines, a America rule base in Philippines. Since then, the Pasig river north of the business district, large banks, large companies, hotel, many-storied buildings have sprung up, 1942, Japan replaced the America position in Philippines. The Second World War II, Manila was severely damaged, all the buildings surrounding the castle fortress was destroyed by fire. In July 4, 1946, Philippines became independent, the Manila as the capital. Today's Manila, is a tropical garden city city clean, is a international port.
一首歌词排列很规律 很多个一的喊麦歌 大概是 一…一…一……
为了你
来源:爱另类音乐网
曾经 我为了你 放弃手中的情笔
曾经 我为了你 放弃身边好知己
为了你我战天地 为了你我不哭泣 为了你我放弃过去只想和你再相聚
曾经 我为了你 曾经 我想过你 曾经 我为了自己 曾经我也找过你
一种伤心一种累 一种感觉一种罪 一直在我心都疲惫最后还是空流泪
曾经 我为了你 放弃所有的自己 我要和你在一起 不再孤单走千里
想起你叼那支烟 我们一起把手牵 如果我们有一天 我定会让你在身边
如果我们在相逢 我的心会有多疼 回到身边能不能 立下海誓和山盟
网络 你太虚伪 网恋 你太后悔 网操 你太完美 共饮举杯那忘情水
一人 我抽着烟 一个人我在房间 一人 我太疯癫 情知如画舞翩翩
曾经你给的温柔 再也不会去挽留 独自一人借酒消愁只会变得愁更愁
陪你走到海之角 你的心我来表 你的心 心灵手巧怎能忘记你的好
当年我们相爱过 爱是变成了过客 删了YY删了短信从此一人孤单过
想你 我心已碎 想你 我空流泪 想你 我喝到醉 我想你心变的憔悴
爱你 我爱的深 爱你 我爱的真 爱你 我到黄昏 最后还是伤我最深
如今写下这首另类 名字叫做为了你 从此不会再想你 他也叫做忘记你
数学的英语单词怎么写
数学的英语单词是mathematics。mathematics英 [ˌmæθəˈmætɪks] 美 [ˌmæθəˈmætɪks] n.数学； 〈诗〉同“ripen”； 算学；扩展资料1.The degree provides a thorough grounding in both mathematics and statistics. 该学位课程将为数学和统计学打下扎实的基础。2.One in five young adults was struggling with everyday mathematics. 1/5的年轻人做日常的数学计算都费劲。3.We had a very good mathematics mistress who pulled me up. 我们有个很出色的女数学老师，她帮我提高了水平。4. Ingrid is currently teaching Mathematics at Shimla Public School. 英格丽德目前在希姆拉公立学校教数学。5. Surprisingly, mathematics was voted their favourite subject. 令人惊讶的是，数学课被选为他们最喜欢的科目。
数学的英语单词是math 还是maths
这两个单词都是正确的。math是美式拼法，美国加拿大人可能使用这种拼法的人较多；maths是英式拼法，英国 澳洲以及大多数其他英语国家这种拼法使用的人会多一点。点击蓝字链接领取免费欧美一对一外教课：【免费领取，外教一对一精品课程】，试完课还能免费测试英语水平哦~阿卡索纯正外教一对一教学，口语地道标准，除了能快速提升英语成绩外，还能跟着外教学习纯正的口语，价格也是很划算的，课均不到20元，保证每一位学员在这里都能找到合适的外教老师，点击上述链接即可免费领取试课。不知道如何选择英语机构，可以百度咨询“阿卡索vivi老师”；如果想下载免费英语资源，可以百度搜索“阿卡索官网论坛”。
高手帮我翻译一下
当年轻人违法的时候，他们会被送去一种特殊的监狱里。这种监狱非常危险，有时这些年轻人会在监狱里互相伤害，甚至有些人会在那里自杀。大多数年轻人在出狱后还会继续违法。监狱里的年轻人太多了，所以我们需要想办法怎样去帮助他们。
一些人认为有一个更好的办法来帮助监狱里的年轻人。他们想把一小部分人投进一种特殊的监狱，这些监狱更象是家。他们认为这会帮助年轻人的学习，并使他们得到安全保障。当年轻人在这种特殊的家中时，他们能够得到帮助。咨询顾问们可以和他们探讨有关犯罪的话题并引导他们认识到犯罪是不对的。或许这将使这些年轻人出狱后变成好人。
