高二雾霾的英语作文
在平日的学习、工作和生活里,大家都有写作文的经历,对作文很是熟悉吧,作文是一种言语活动,具有高度的综合性和创造性。怎么写作文才能避免踩雷呢?下面是我整理的高二关于雾霾的英语作文(精选),仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。
Another haze weather, the visibility to hundreds of meters. Both vehicles and pedestrians in feeling, without laughing, also do not have the bird, in such an environment, there are only pungent odor, and dark.
Fog, originally like smoke, such as gauze, like a gauze over the earth. How many men of letters through the ages, it has to, to dump. Now with this beautiful fog fog seems to have a relationship, and made what mistake?
Fog haze, seemingly "blood relationship" with the fog, but it is very different and fog. The mist, is floating in the air water vapor condensation of water droplets or ice crystals. Sometimes fog forecast sunny, sometimes the forecast of rain, fog appears to be chaotic, but as long as to master the characteristics of radiation fog, advection fog, observation, careful analysis, can accurately grasp the fog and sunny, rainy, in order to predict the weather. For the agriculture, transportation, aerospace, navigation is useful. And haze is different, it is made of the dust in the air, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and organic hydrocarbon particles composed of gray.
又是一个雾霾天气,能见度不足以百米。无论是车辆还是行人都在摸索前行,没有了嬉笑,也无了鸟鸣,在这样的环境里,有的只是刺鼻的.气味和满目的昏暗。
雾,原本似轻烟,如薄纱,似纱巾笼罩着大地。古往今来,它曾让多少文人墨客为之陶醉,为之倾倒。而今与这美丽的雾貌似有着一丝关系的雾霾,又犯下了什么滔天大罪?
雾霾,看似与雾有“血缘关系”,但它却和雾截然不同。雾,是由浮游在空中的小水滴或冰晶组成的水汽凝结物。有时雾出预报晴,有时雾出预报雨,似乎混乱不堪,但是只要掌握了辐射雾、平流雾的特征,多方观察,仔细分析,就能准确地抓住雾与天晴、落雨的规律,以便预测天气。这对于农业、交通、航天、航海都有用处。而雾霾就不一样了,它是由空气中的灰尘、硫酸、硝酸、有机碳氢化合物等粒子所组成的小灰粒。
高中英语作文有关雾霾
雾霾对我们身体生活的影响是不可忽视的,他时时刻刻都在危害着我们,你知道怎么写一篇关于雾霾的英语作文吗?下面是我给大家精心挑选的,希望大家喜欢!供你参考和阅读!
英语作文雾霾篇1
Recently, the weather in Beijing is always foggy, the morning, the surrounding beautiful scenery has bee very vague, the news is also frequently reported haze hail weather and the emergence of serious consequences, haze weather has been serious Affecting the quality of the air in the north, affecting people's normal life. Especially in Beijing, haze weather almost every day. In recent years, the haze weather not only seriously affected the quality of the air, it is easy to cause asthma and other diseases, the main source of the disease. Fog haze weather in the air, contains some dust-like tiny particles, these tiny particles that we can not see with the naked eye. These tiny particles are enough to make people get lung disease. They can be regarded as invisible killer.
So, what is the haze of the weather caused by it? In fact, the haze weather is from the car tail, cooking fumes, as well as *** oking spit out the *** oke, fireworks *** oke formation, which led to the emergence of haze weather. Do not say fog haze weather is a killer, not to mention fog haze weather is terrible, in fact, the real murderer or our human beings, human beings do not know how to protect the environment, is to destroy their own homes, so it caused haze weather, these are Is the human self-eating fruit. Of course, the situation is still irreversible, we can still stop the haze weather. We can put the car into a bike; can not eat cooking, eat stew; you can quit *** oking or cigarette *** oke can still *** oke the cigarette butts; can be less fireworks; can also plant a variety of flowers and trees, to purify the environment The Only we choose low-carbon life, in order to prevent the occurrence of haze weather. Sometimes, I wish that the car is not sprayed out of the unpleasant exhaust, but a touch of fragrance, chimneys spit out is not thick black *** oke, but crystal dew.
I hope that our home can bee more green trees, more red flowers, birds singing more beautiful, more melodious. I believe that only we can act from their own, our dreams will bee a reality, let us all work together to protect the environment, to defend our homes, so that haze weather is no longer harm the world, so that our homes better The
英语作文雾霾篇2
This weekend is haze weather, visibility less than 100 meters. Whether it is vehicles or pedestrians, are groping forward. No laughter, no birds, even the buildings only vague outline. And we can only stay at home, can not go out. Haze is silently enveloped the entire Hangzhou city.
Haze haze weather not only seriously affected the quality of the air, it is easy to cause a variety of diseases. Recently reported continuously, due to the inhalation of haze, Hangzhou, the major hospitals outpatient overcrowding. So what is the haze of the weather?
Today 's China, large and *** all factories, are erected long chimney, emitting a thick *** oke. Is the *** oke, carrying *** all dust, has bee the main force of manufacturing haze. At the same time, the exhaust emissions of cars, the New Year when the fireworks and firecrackers have bee "acplice", which led to the emergence of haze weather.
In order to reduce the haze weather, living in Hangzhou, every resident, should establish a "haze, everyone is responsible" awareness, take the initiative to improve the air quality of the active participants. Here, I would like to make the following suggestions:
1. Travel as much as possible by bus or bike, reduce the rate of travel, reduce motor vehicle emissions.
2. Spring Festival is ing soon, we should be civilized Spring Festival. Less or do not put fireworks, to create a safe, healthy, environmentally friendly Spring Festival.
3. Reform of eating habits, *** of urban open-air barbecue, the implementation of low fumes, low pollution, low energy consumption diet.
4. Classification recycling, recycling, do not throw waste batteries and other hazardous waste, the garbage will be classified, so that the use of resources for the benefit of mankind.
5. A variety of green, fresh air. In the home of the balcony or the corridor of the district placed in some *** all potted plants, both beautiful and clean air.
For our home, for our health, let us act together, and fog haze weather to fight in the end!
英语作文雾霾篇3
Recently, the serious haze is always wrapped around the city of Hangzhou, every morning, open the window, full house will be filled with foul, making the throat itch, a kind of unspeakable sad.
Hangzhou fog haze "lock" city, most areas less than 200 meters visibility. Affected by the haze, the city into a serious air pollution among the city's seven monitoring points are in the "serious pollution" state. In Hangzhou, although the sun is empty, but the building seems to have covered a layer of gauze. Every day a door to feel the air dry, gray sky, like flying dust flying. Because Hangzhou ground humidity, wind speed is *** all, is not conducive to the dissipation of haze, so haze days lasted for a long time. Environmental protection department gives travel advice is "cancel unnecessary outdoor activities". So that our mood is not very good.
This haze, because the human does not protect the environment, chaos row of industrial waste water, making the original clear creek, the river bees turbid, no longer have lovely fish in the water cheerfully wandering; felling trees, Drastically reduced, large areas of the forest into the desert, it is difficult to resist the sand, how serious it is ah!
The streets are sparsely populated, few people, and few cars. Out of the people all "armed", wearing a mask, around the scarf, wearing a hat, wearing gloves. Persistent haze weather makes many people suffering from respiratory diseases, mostly elderly and children. Hospital in the sea, pediatric door packed with hundreds of children, this scene, parable to "Spring Festival". According to statistics, in recent days the number of admissions, nearly half of patients with respiratory disease, clinical manifestations of the majority of fever, cough, runny nose, and upper respiratory tract disease, bronchitis, bronchial pneumonia, asthmatic pneumonia up. Respiratory disease patients this year pared with the same period last year, the number increased by three percent.
According to the relevant departments of the *** ysis, the haze weather is mainly due to the recent adverse weather conditions, the pollutants are not easy to spread and the amount of coal in winter caused by poor air quality. Long-term destruction of ecology is also the main cause of bad weather. So, we must protect the environment, do not continue to pollute. Our earth has now bee full of holes, and we do not destroy it!
The haze days to the people's lives has brought great inconvenience and harm. In order to prevent the haze brought the harm, we should pay attention to these points: 1, go out with a mask 2, drink light drink plenty of water 3, fog haze less window 4, the amount of vitamin D. So that we can fight with the ruthless haze!
雾霾的英语作文
关于雾霾的英语作文 北方的雾霾越来越严重了,2017年的第一天,北京迎来的就是雾霾,有网友说甚至比上次红警还要严重。下面是我整理的关于雾霾的英语作文。 雾霾英语作文【1】 Recently, haze weather has become a daily one right here in a large part of China. People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air. So it is necessary to find out the reasons which lead to that and work out the resolution. If we trace the cause of haze weather, the main points are as follows. First, China’s air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited, so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects. Second, some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant laws and regulations. They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are likely to emit a great deal of wasted air. Third,across our society, relevant protection awareness has not been built up so that people haven’t formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible. Nowadays, people rely more and more on travelling and working by car. It is well known that automobile exhaust is the main reason for the haze weather. To settle this problem, a series of measures should be taken as follows. First, we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of small particulate pollutants. Second, we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current law on environmental protection to regulate people’s daily actions and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous materials that cause haze. Third, we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality. As far as I am concerned, if we work together to be able to take such measures, our environment will get better and better and haze weather will vanish gradually. 参考译文: 最近,阴霾的天气已经蔓延在中国大部分地区。人们不得不戴上面罩,避免呼吸有毒空气。因此我们有必要找出导致雾霾产生的原因并找到对策,如果我们调查雾霾天气的形成原因,主要有以下几点:首先是因为中国的空气质量标准不严格,评估因素有限所导致的。所以你会发现当前空气评估体系有缺陷。第二,有些人只是追求经济利益,而不按照有关法律和规定生产产品。他们倾向于使用过时的会发出大量的废气的'老旧设备。第三,在我们的社会中,相关保护意识还没有建立起来,人们没有形成使用绿色产品和节能的习惯,当今,越来越多的人们旅行和工作都依赖于汽车,而解决雾霾天气的关键就是汽车。 解决雾霾问题应采取一系列措施:首先,我们应该加强空气监测,降低微小颗粒污染物。其次,我们应该制定更加严格的法律法规,不断完善我们目前的环境保护法。我们应规范人们日常行为和工场的生产行为,制定好违反工厂排放规定,继续排放废气的惩罚措施。第三,我们应该发展绿色和节能能源,从而降低烟雾的排放,提高空气质量。 就我看来,如果我们能够共同采取如上的措施,我们的环境将变得越来越好,雾霾的天气将逐渐消失。 雾霾英语作文【二】 Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment. This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources. Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations. The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations. Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution.The components that make up haze may have negative effect on people's health especially that of the children and the elderly. Also not excluded are those who have certain diseases such as asthma, allergy, and pneumonia and lung disease. Workers working in the open air have a high risk in their health. One of effective solutions to help eliminate haze is to make some chemistry changes during the manufacturing process,so it could reduce harmful emissions which are produced by manufacturing operations 参考译文: 阴霾是空气污染和灰尘,烟雾和其他干燥粒子,它掩盖了清晰的天空,与自然环境进行交互。 这种空气污染物来自各种自然和人为来源。天然来源可以包括风沙、烟尘从森林大火。人为来源可以包括机动车辆、工业燃料燃烧和制造业务。触动了烟雾的主要原因之一是制造业务。许多工厂测量产生的烟雾对标准和烟雾严重影响空气成为空气污染。 雾霾危害: 组件构成烟雾可能对人们的健康有负面影响特别是儿童和老人。也不排除是某些疾病如哮喘、过敏、肺炎和肺部疾病。工人工作在露天有很高的风险在他们的健康。 解决方法 : 一个有效的解决方案,帮助消除烟雾是让一些化学变化在制造过程中,所以它能减少有害排放产生的制造业务。 ;
写雾霾的英语作文
写雾霾的英语作文 冬天,北方的雾霾频繁爆发。北京等多地多次PM2.5浓度“爆表”。人们出门都带上了口罩,空气净化器也成为了现时段的热销品……以“雾霾”为题怎么写一篇作文?下面是我整理的关于雾霾的英语作文,希望能帮到大家! 雾霾英语作文【1】 During the 15 days from New Year’s Eve to Lantern Festival, Beijing was affected by smog for more than half the time, because of which people suffered a lot. On the road people drove slowly because they could not see clearly. People also suffered from many illnesses caused by smog. The smog in Beijing has been caused by many factors, in which the increase of cars in the city area plays an important role. The carssend off a lot of poisonous gases, which in turn adds to the already seriousair pollution. In my opinion, the number of cars should be limited.We should call on the people to use more public transport. Only in this way canwe expect to have more sunny days. 雾霾英语作文【2】 Recently,haze weather has become a daily one right here in large part of China.People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air.So it is necessary to find out the reason why leads to that and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for haze weather ,the main points are as follows . First,china 's air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited,so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects.Second,some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant law and regulations.They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are high likely to emit a great deal of wasted air.Third,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up so that people havent formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible. Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for the haze weather. To settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.First of all ,we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of small particulate pollutants.What's more,we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current law on environmental protection to regulate people 's daily action and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous material that cause haze.Last but not least,we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality. As far as I am concerned ,if we work together to be able to do such measures ,our environment will getting better and better and haze weather will vanish completely. 1、雾霾相关词汇 ①haze和smog。《新牛津英语词典》给haze和smog提供的释义分别为“a slight obscuration of the lower atmosphere, typically caused by fine suspended particles”和“fog or haze intensified by smoke or other atmospheric pollutants”。haze是由细小的悬浮颗粒引起的`,而smog是指受烟或其他大气污染物影响的雾或霾。所以我们有时可以把smog当作是haze的一种。haze表示雾霾更为合理。 ②AQI,air quality index。空气质量指数。 ③PM2.5,particulate matter。大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,可直接进入人体的肺泡。 ④burning of fossil fuels in vehicles。机动车燃油。 ⑤power plants。发电厂。 ⑥various industrial processes。各类工业生产。 ;
雾霾英语写作范文?
看看这几篇英语作文,我们来谈一谈雾霾。下面是我给大家整理的,供大家参阅!
1
Recently,haze weather has bee a daily one right here in large part of China.People are forced to wear the mask to avoid breathing poisonous air.So it is necessary to find out the reason why leads to that and work out the resolution.If we trace the cause for haze weather ,the main points are as follows ,first,china 's air quality standards are rather lax and evaluation factors are limited,so you will see that current air appraisal system has defects.Second,some people just go for economic interests instead of turning out products according to relevant law and regulations.They tend to use obsolete equipment in which they are high likely to emit a great deal of wasted air.
Third,across our society ,relevant protection awareness has not built up so that people havent formed a habit of using green product and saving energy as much as possible.Just for the sake of convience to go out,people rely more and more on travelling and working by car while car is the main cause for the haze weather
To settle this problem,a series of meaures should be taken as follows.First ,we should strengthen air monitor to lower the levels of *** all particulate pollutants.Second,we should enact more strict laws and regulations and keep perfecting our current law on environmental protection to regulate people 's daily action and the industrial production and punish those factories that ignore the protection and keep emitting dangerous material that cause haze.
Third,we should develop green and energy-saving energy to lower the emission of haze and improve air quality.As far as i am concerned ,if we work together to be able to do such measures ,our environment will getting better and better and haze weather will vanish pletely.
2
TOPIC:环境保护;城市环境
场景:雾霾;空气污染
BEIJING’s *** oghas mostly behaved itself during the Olympics, but it will remain a feature ofthe city’s landscape for the foreseeable future. How bad is it really? What arethe economic and humaneffects?
总的来说,北京的雾霾在奥运会期间的表现还算乖,但在可预见的将来,它还会成为这座城市的景物特色之一。雾霾之灾究竟何等严重?它对经济与人有何影响?
【经典句式】
*** og雾霾
economicand human effects 对经济与人的影响
【犀利观点】当你实在想不出开头、又快要没有时间的时候,不妨这样用问句开头。
A group of Edinburgh medical students dugup the facts on the Great London Smog of 1952 the photos are fascinating; areal shock for people who think environmental problems are something new. Thestudents provided numbers on the level of air pollution in London 1952 and Ihave pared these to recent numbers for Beijing.
几位爱丁堡大学医学院的学生发掘了1952年伦敦大雾霾的一些事实其中的照片引人入胜;这对于那些认为环境问题历史甚短的人无疑是当头棒喝。这些学生提供了1952年伦敦空气污染水平的一批数字,我把它们与北京的最近数字做了比较。
Beijing’s poor airquality – 300 or somicrograms of particulate matter per cubic metre – has generated volumesof purple prose, but London’s numbers in the 1950s were consistently above 400, and surged to 1,600 during theGreat Smog – more than five times Beijing’s inearly August.
北京上空每立方米空气约含300微克粉尘物质,这一恶劣的空气质量已经让人写出了许多华丽的抱怨文章,但伦敦在1950年代的这一数字持续超过400,并在大雾霾期间狂涨到1600,这是北京八月初数字的5倍以上。
【经典句式】
poorair quality 恶劣的空气质量
particulatematter 粉尘物质
300or so micrograms of particulate matter per cubic metre 每立方米空气约含300微克粉尘物质
consistent持续的
【小作文资料表达】
consistently above 400持续超过400
surge to … during … 在……期间飙升至……
more than five times … 是……的五倍以上
【犀利观点】环境保护例证:北京+伦敦
The steady drumbeat of daily deaths in London surged along with the *** og, climbing from 250 a day to 900; overall the Great Smog isestimated as having caused at least 4,000 extra deaths.
随着雾霾,伦敦每日罹难人数惊心动魄地飙升,从每日250人飙升至900人,据估计,整个大雾霾期间至少令4000人死于非命。
【小作文资料表达】
Death 可数死亡人数
climb from … to …从……飙升至……
overall …is estimated as …据估计,整体而言……
【犀利观点】环境保护例证:北京+伦敦
3
近年来,城市空气污染越来越严重,各大城市相继出现了雾霾天气hazy weather,请根据下列内容要点提示,写一篇关于保护环境的文章。 内容要点:
1、雾霾成因:①汽车使用增加;②工厂污染严重;③树林大量砍伐
2、建议办法:①尽量少用私家车,选用公共交通工具、步行或骑自行车;
② 自拟1—2条
写作要求:1、词数80左右。2、短文必须包含所有要点,可适当发挥。
Now cars are increasing very fast. Factories are continuing polluting the air. Trees are being cut down. So the hazy weather is being more and more serious. It’s time for us to do something to protect the environment.
First of all, we’d better not travel by car unless it’s necessary. We can take the bus or the subway, walk or ride a bike if we don’t go far away. We can also set up a volunteer club and ask more people to join it. We can plant more trees, give the government advice to stop the factories polluting the air and water.
范文二:
随着人们对PM2.5越来越多的了解,人们对自己的生活环境的空气质量越来越关注,更多的人志愿为改善空气质量做出自己的贡献。作为中学生,在日常生活中,我们应该如何去做?
要求:1、文中不得出现真实的人名、地名和校名;
2、词数:80—100个词,短文开头已给出,不计入总词数。
As people are knowing more about PM2.5, they are being more and more concerned about their living environment. As students, what should we do?
First, we should ride bikes or take buses to school. Riding bikes is also good for our health. We should try our best to advise our parents to drive less. Try to walk or ride bikes to work. Second, we’d better use both sides of the paper. Don’t waste paper. Third, we should save power. Remember to turn off the lights when we leave the classroom. At last, we should plant more trees and flowers.
If everyone makes a little effort, the world will be more and more beautiful.
4
题目:
雾霾很严重了。环境保护已经成为全球刻不容缓的话题。对于 *** 及企业来说,重视环保事业,让我们的生存环境变得更好,至关重大。
具体的画面描述:
1有一只宠物狗正带着口罩。
2 背景是,严重的雾霾天气。
参考范文:
As is vividly depicted from the above picture,it seems to be astonishing and thought-provoking on second thoughts. The most eye-catching feature in the picture that impresses me profoundly is that incredibly even the pet dog wears a mask to prevent the terrible *** og and haze. As a matter of fact, recent years has witnessed a severe air-pollutionphenomenon triggered by automobile gas emission and industrial exhaust, which will definitely bedisastrous to individual survival and personal development.
It goes without saying that the problem of hazy weather should be attached great importance to by the government and the consequences should be taken into profound consideration. To account for the above-mentioned air-pollution phenomenon, a couple of severe reasons should be pointed out. On the one hand , the severely polluted air industrial wastes have been pumped into the air, the lakes and rivers and an increasing number of automobiles crowd into the streets and produce the gas emission. On the other hand, the widespread use of plastic bags and coal burning as well as the nationwide construction dust have been pumped into the air from time to time.
As a matter of fact, the *** og and haze not only does harm to the lungs and noses but alsogives rise to horrible traffic accidents. In addition, no issue is as harmful as theenvironmental deterioration, which will be a potential threat to the survival of human beings that we are unwilling to see. Just according to a recent survey made by one Morning News, more than 40 percent of Chinese cities are suffering from the hazy weather per year.
As a result, it is essential that a couple of effective measures should be taken to prevent the environmental pollution. To start with, the local government should take more steps, such as closing the factories which produced too much industrial exhaust, planting more trees and develop more high-tech products so that air quality can be better and the weather can be more agreeable. In addition, the government should severely punish those who destroy the environment intentionally. Last but not least, it is urgent to limit the number of private cars in the urban cities and we should adopt the most cutting-edge technologies with a view to creating more energy substitutes instead of the petroleum. Only by the above-mentioned pragmatic measures can we enjoy better health and live a more fortable life.
核心词汇:
*** og and haze 雾霾
trigger 造成
thought-provoking 发人深思的
industrial exhaust 工业废气
potential threat 潜在的威胁
disastrous 灾难性的
the most cutting-edge technologies 最尖端的科技
witness 见证
with a view to doing sth 旨在做某事.
gives rise to 导致
account for 说明现象、原因、理由等
environmental deterioration 环境恶化
It goes without saying that 毋庸置疑的是
参考译文:
正如上图生动描述的一样,这幅图片既让你吃惊又发人深省。其中最吸引人眼球的是一只宠物狗带着口罩来预防雾霾。事实上,近年来,由汽车尾气和工业污染引起的严重的空气污染已经对人们的生存和发展造成了灾难性的影响。
毋庸置疑的是,雾霾天气的问题应该引起 *** 部门的极大重视,其造成的后果也应该引起我们深思。造成这种空气污染现象的原因有这么几条。一方面,严重污染的工业废气被直接排放到大气中,湖中及河中,街道上不断增加的汽车也排放出汽车废气。另一方面,到处可见的塑料袋,煤炭燃烧产生的污染,全国性的建筑垃圾也一直在污染我们的空气。
事实上,雾霾不仅对我们的肺和鼻子有伤害,也是造成可怕的交通事故的原因之一。另外,我们所不愿意见到是没有什么比环境恶化更能造成对我们人类的生存的威胁了。根据晨报的最新一项调查,超过百分之四十的中国城市每年都遭受着雾霾的污染。
我们必须采取有效的措施来阻止环境的污染。首先,当地 *** 应该采取措施,例如,关闭一些产生工业废气比较多的工厂,多种树,多发展高科技的产品来使空气的质量更高,天气更宜人。另外, *** 还应该严惩那些故意破坏环境的人。最后,限制私家车的数量也是当务之急,我们应该采用最先进的科技创造更多的替代石油的能源。只有做到上述几点,我们才能更健康,生活更舒适。
看过的人还: